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Shapsugs (Adyghe: шапсыгъ , Russian: шапсуги, Arabic: الشابسوغ) are a Circassian tribe of the Adyghe branch, who are currently living in the Tuapsinsky District (Tuapse) of Krasnodar Krai, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, and in the Republic of Adygea, all in Russia. These areas are a small part of historical Circassia, in addition to diaspora (Amman, Naour, Marj Al-hamam, Wadi Al Seer) Jordan, Turkey, Iraq, Israel (Kfar Kama), Syria, Europe, United States of America. The first Circassians to settle in Amman were from the Shapsug tribe and as a result the Shapsugs neighbourhood considered the oldest neighbourhood in the Capital Amman and was the down town of it,〔http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/gam/about.asp Official Website of Amman〕 however later other Circassians from the Kabardian, Abadzekh and Bzadoug tribes also came to Amman. The Shapsugs speak a dialect of the Adyghe language.〔http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Shapsug.htm Shapsug Dialect (French Language)〕 According to some indirect data, there were over four thousand Shapsugs in Russia in 1926, but the Shapsug people were not enumerated as a separate group in Russian Censuses until 2002, when the population was recorded at 3,231. however; the Shapsugs who live in the Republic of Adyghea (mainly in District of Takhtamukaysky and District of Teuchezksky) were enumerated as an Adyghe instead of Shapsug, because the Adyghe/Circassians nation considered the Umbrella for all Adyghe Tribes. In District of Takhtamukaysky a reservoir which was built in 1952 was named on the Shapsug tribe ((ロシア語:Шапсугское водохранилище)) since the area was inhabited by the Shapsug tribe for thousands of years, and considered part of historical Shapsugia which was part of historical Circassia. Shapsugs are primarily Sunni Muslims.〔http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0617FE385B137B93C3AB178DD85F438784F9&scp=21&sq=circassia%20caucasus&st=cse via New York Times〕 The Shapsugs used to make up one of the biggest groups of the Black Sea Adyghe (причерноморские адыги; today's Adyghe people). They inhabited the region between the Dzhubga (in means "Winds" or "The Valley of Winds") River and Shakhe Rivers (the so-called Maly Shapsug, or Little Shapsug) and high-altitude mountainous areas of the northern slopes of the Caucasus Range along the Antkhir, Abin, Afips, Bakan, Ships and other rivers (Bolshoy Shapsug, or Greater Shapsug). ==History== The Shapsugs were a very large tribe that occupied extensive territories of Black Sea coast and Kuban River. Different sources note that before the Caucasian war the number of Shapsugs was ranging from 150,000 to 300,000 people. They composed 2/3 of the Circassian population. Shapsugs had divisions of Big and Small Shapsug land, people of the later were very close with Natukhai tribe. Shapsugs took very active part in the Caucasian war. They had a reputation of invincible people and were the last to lay down their weapons under the pressure of tsarist troops in 1864. Some of Shapsoug troop still fought up to 1880s. After the end of the war the overwhelming majority of Shapsugs was forcefully evicted to Turkey and elsewhere in the Middle East. No more than 6,000 Shapsugs remained on their native land. Nowadays, they live on the territory of Krasnodarsky Krai and make about 20 villages of 15,000 people in total. From 1924 up to 1945, there was Shapsoug district which was abolished during the time of Stalin repressions. Historically the Shapsugs controlled the ports of Dzhubga () and Tuapse to mountain Gorges, and they consisted of 5 aristocratic families and 81 () free clans and classified as an Adyghe democratic tribe,〔Walter Richmond (), The Northwest Caucasus :Past, Present, Future, p. 22, Central Asian Studies Series, 2008 ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8〕〔Walter Richmond, "The Northwest Caucasus:Past Present, Future", Arabic Translation by Jameel Ishaqat, p. 46, Circassians Studies Centre, Amman, Jordan, 2010〕 and were known to have supported the Adyghe in their struggle against the Crimean Khanate. During the Caucasian War, they were one of the most stubborn enemies of Imperial Russia, joining Shamil's alliance (which would last until 1859). In late 1860, a Majlis was assembled, which would unite the Shapsugs, Ubykhs, and Natuqais and considered () Sochi the last capital of the Circassians resistance. In 1864, a major part of the Shapsugs and other Adyghes moved to the Ottoman Empire and other nearby regions of the Middle East due to the Russian army occupation of the region (Circassia),〔http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/05/11511062.html via the Voice of Russia〕 beside the regular tsars' policy during the era of the Russian Empire to cleanse the Circassian coast from Circassians (mainly physically then by expelling the remaining to the Ottoman Empire.〔Peter Hopkirk (The great game: On Secret Service in High Asia ), Chapter 12 "The Greatest Fortress in the World", pp 158-159, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-19-280232-1〕 After the end of Caucasian War (during the period of 1864-1870) almost a major part of the Shapsugs, who lived on the territory of Shapsugia, were either killed in the Circassian Genocide or expelled to the Ottoman Empire (see Muhajir). In the Ottoman Empire the Shapsugs were partially assimilated or blended into the Cherkess community. Some 3,000 Shapsyghs remained in the Caucasus.〔http://rt.com/Top_News/2010-06-05/sochi-adyg-culture-olympics.html by Russia Today (English)〕 The Shapsugs as an Adyghe tribe always appreciate and honor their immortals (heroes and fighters) who sacrifice their selves to keep Circassia independent in the battles and war with the Russian Empire during the Circassians resistance; by elegies such as the Elegy of the Shapsugs ()〔"Адыгэ 1оры1уатэм ухэзгъэгъозэн тхылъ ", Ехъул1э Ат1ыф ,Нахэ (176) ,гощын (2), Адыгэ ш1уш1э Хасэ, Йордания ,2009. (Arabic Language)〕 In 1924, the Bolsheviks established the Shapsug National Raion. In 1990, the first congress of the Shapsug people took place, where they would adopt a declaration on the reinstatement of the Shapsug National Raion. On 12 June 1992, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation passed a resolution on the establishment of the Shapsug National Raion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shapsugs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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