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The Sherden (Egyptian ''šrdn'', ''š3rd3n3'' or ''š3rdyn3'', Ugaritic ''šrdnn(m)'' and ''trtn(m)'', possibly Akkadian ''še–er–ta–an–nu''; also glossed “Shardana” or “Sherdanu”) are one of several groups of "Sea Peoples" who appear in fragmentary historical and iconographic records (Egyptian and Ugaritic) from the Eastern Mediterranean in the late second millennium BCE. On reliefs they are shown carrying a round shield and spear, dirk, or sword, perhaps of Naue II type. In some cases they are shown wearing corselets and kilts, but their key distinguishing feature is a horned helmet which, in all cases but three, features a circular accouterment at the crest. At Medinet Habu the corselet appears similar to that worn by the Philistines. The Sherden sword, it has been suggested by archaeologists since James Henry Breasted, may have developed from an enlargement of European daggers, and been associated with the exploitation of Bohemian tin. Robert Drews〔Drews, Robert (1993), "The End of Bronze Age" (Princeton University Press)〕 has recently suggested that use of this weapon amongst groups of Sherden and Philistine mercenaries made them capable of withstanding attacks by chariotry, making them valuable allies in warfare, though Drews' theory has been widely criticized by contemporary scholars.〔Cline, Eric H. (1997), "Review of Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC," ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' 56.2, 127-129; Dickinson, Oliver T. P. K. (1999), "Robert Drews's Theories About the Nature of War in the Late Bronze Age," in R. Laffineur (ed.), ''Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a l'Age du Bronze'' (Aegaeum 19, Universite de Liege), 21-25〕 ==Early historical references to the Sherden== The earliest known mention of the people called ''Srdn-w'', more usually called Sherden or Shardana, is generally thought to be the Akkadian reference to "še–er–ta–an–nu" people in the Amarna Letters correspondence from Rib-Hadda, mayor (''hazannu'') of Byblos,〔EA 81, EA 122, EA 123 in Moran 1992: 150-1, 201-2〕 to the Pharaoh Amenhotep III or Akhenaten in the 14th century BCE. Though they have been referred to as sea raiders and mercenaries, prepared to offer their services to local employers, these texts do not provide any evidence of that association, nor do they shed light on what the function of these "širdannu-people" was at this time. The first certain mention of the Sherden is found in the records of Ramesses II (ruled 1279-1213 BCE), who defeated them in his second year (1278 BCE) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast. The pharaoh subsequently incorporated many of these warriors into his personal guard.〔Grimal, N. "A History of Ancient Egypt", pp.250-253〕 An inscription by Ramesses II on a stele from Tanis which recorded the Sherden pirates' raid and subsequent defeat, speaks of the constant threat which they posed to Egypt's Mediterranean coasts: After Ramesses II succeeded in defeating the invaders and capturing some of them, Sherden captives are depicted in this Pharaoh's bodyguard, where they are conspicuous by their helmets with horns with a ball projecting from the middle, their round shields and the great Naue II swords,〔Gardiner 1968: 196-7〕 with which they are depicted in inscriptions of the Battle with the Hittites at Kadesh. Ramesses tells us, in his Kadesh inscriptions, that he incorporated some of the Sherden into his own personal guard at the Battle of Kadesh.〔Battle Inscriptions in Lichtheim 1976: 63ff〕 Years later other waves of Sea People, Sherden included, were defeated by Merneptah, son of Ramesses II, and Ramesses III. An Egyptian work written around 1100 BC named Onomasticon of Amenope, documents the presence of the Sherden in Palestine.〔Giovanni Garbini, cit., p. 52〕 After being defeated by Pharaoh Ramsses III, in fact, they, along with other "Sea Peoples", would be allowed to settle in this territory, subject to Egyptian rule. The Italian orientalist Giovanni Garbini identified the territory settled by the Sherden in Northern Palestine as that occupied, according to the Bible, by the Israelite tribe of Zebulun where also appears a village named ''Sared''.〔cf. Garbini, G., ''I Filistei'', Rusconi, Milano, 1997: passim〕〔Contu 2001 b/37-38 and 41-45; Contu 2002: 537 and 546-547〕 Archaeologist Adam Zertal suggests that some Sherden settled in what is now northern Israel. He hypothesizes that Biblical Sisera was a Sherden general and that the archaeological site at el-Ahwat (whose architecture resembles Nuraghe sites in Sardinia) was Sisera's capital, Harosheth Haggoyim, though this theory has not received wide acceptance in the scholarly community. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sherden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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