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Shasu (from Egyptian ''Š3sw'', probably pronounced ''Shaswe''〔Donald B. Redford (1992), p. 271.〕) were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age or Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. They were organized in clans under a tribal chieftain, and were described as brigands active from the Jezreel Valley to Ashkelon and the Sinai.〔Miller (2005), p.95〕 The name evolved from a transliteration of the Egyptian word ''š3sw'', meaning "those who move on foot", into the term for Pastoral nomads-type wanderers. The term originated in a 15th-century BCE list of peoples in Transjordan. It is used in a list of enemies inscribed on column bases at the temple of Soleb built by Amenhotep III. Copied later by either Seti I or Ramesses II at Amarah-West, the list mentions six groups of Shasu: the Shasu of ''S'rr'', the Shasu of ''Rbn'', the Shasu of ''Sm't'', the Shasu of ''Wrbr'', the Shasu of ''Yhw'', and the Shasu of ''Pysps''.〔Sivertsen (2009), p. 118〕〔Hasel (1998), p. 219〕 ==Shasu of Yhw== There are two Egyptian texts, one dated to the period of Amenophis III (14th century BCE), the other to the age of Ramses II (13th century BCE) which refer to 'Yahu in the land of the Šosū-Bedouins',(''t3 š3św jhw3''), in which ''Yahu'' is a toponym. Regarding the Shasu of Yhw, Michael Astour observed that the "hieroglyphic rendering corresponds very precisely to the Hebrew tetragrammaton YHWH, or Yahweh, and antedates the hitherto oldest occurrence of that divine name – on the Moabite Stone – by over five hundred years."〔Astour (1979), p. 18〕 One hypothesis is that it is reasonable to infer that the demonym 'Israel' recorded on the Merneptah Stele refers to a Shasu enclave, and that, since later Biblical tradition portrays Yahweh "coming forth from Se'ir",〔Book of Judges, 5:4),〕 the Shasu, originally from Moab and northern Edom, went on to form one major element in the amalgam that was to constitute the "Israel" which later established the Kingdom of Israel.〔Donald B. Redford (1992), p. 272–3,275.〕 Anson Rainey comes to a similar conclusion in his analysis of the el-Amarna letters.〔Rainey (2008)〕 K. Van Der Toorn concludes that, "By the 14th century BC, before the cult of Yahweh had reached Israel, groups of Edomite and Midianites worshipped Yahweh as their god.〔K. Van Der Toorn, p. 282-283〕" Objections exist to the proposed link between the Yahweh of the Israelites and the Shasu, given that in the Merneptah reliefs, the group later known to become the Israelites are not described or depicted as Shasu. The Shasu are usually depicted hieroglyphically with a determinative indicating a land, not a people.〔Dermot Anthony Nestor, p.185.〕 The usefulness of the determinatives has been called into question though; it has been pointed out that in Egyptian writings, including the Merneptah Stele, determinatives are used arbitrarily.〔Miller (2012), p. 94〕 The most frequent designation for the "foes of Shasu" is the hill-country determinative.〔Hasel (2003), p. 32–33〕 Thus they are differentiated from the Canaanites, who are defending the fortified cities of Ashkelon, Gezer, and Yenoam.〔Stager (2001), p. 92〕 At the same time, the hill-country determinative is not always used for Shasu, as is the case in the "Shasu of Yhw" name rings from Soleb and Amarah-West. Gösta Werner Ahlström argued that this doesn't disprove a possible connection; the reason Shasu and Israelites are differentiated from each other in the Merneptah Stele is that these Shasu were nomads while the Israelites were a sedentary subset of the Shasu.〔Ahlström, pp. 277–278〕 Frank J. Yurco and Michael G. Hasel would distinguish the Shasu in Merneptah's Karnak reliefs from the people of Israel since they wear different clothing, hairstyles, and are determined differently by Egyptian scribes.〔Yurco (1986), p. 195, 207; Hasel (2003), p. 27–36.〕 Moreover, Israel is determined as a people, though not necessarily as a socioethnic group.〔Kenton L. Sparks, p.108〕 Egyptian scribes tended to bundle up rather disparate groups of people under one 'artificial unifying rubric.'〔Nestor, ''Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity,''p.186.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shasu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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