|
Shatranj (Hindi , Arabic , from Middle Persian ''chatrang چترنگ''), is an old form of chess, which came to the Western world by the Persians and later Greeks, and ultimately from India via the Persian Empire. Modern chess gradually developed from this game. ==Etymology and origins== The Arabic word ''shatranj'' is derived from the Sanskrit chaturanga (''catuḥ'': "four"; ''anga'': "arm"). In Middle Persian the word appears as ''chatrang'', with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, for example, in the title of the text ''Mâdayân î chatrang'' ("Book of chess") from the 7th century AD. In Persian folk etymology shat means "100" and ranj means "worries" then it becomes "100 worries", Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224–241, as a master of the game:〔 Note: Vine-Artakhsir is a reference to the game later known as Nard, a predecessor of backgammon.〕 "By the help of Providence Ardeshir became more victorious and warlike than all, on the polo and the riding-ground, at Chatrang and Vine-Artakhshir, and in several other arts." However, ''Karnamak'' contains many fables and legends, and this only establishes the popularity of chatrang at the time of its composition.〔 Image:Bayasanghori Shahnameh 5.jpg|Playing shatranj in a Persian miniature painting of Bayasanghori Shahname made in 1430 Image:Persianmss14thCambassadorfromIndiabroughtchesstoPersianCourt.jpg|Persian manuscript from the 14th century describing how an ambassador from India brought chess to the Persian court Image:Shams ud-Din Tabriz 1502-1504 BNF Paris.jpg|Shams-e-Tabrīzī as portrayed in a 1500 painting in a page of a copy of Rumi's poem dedicated to Shams File:Radha-Krishna chess.jpg|Krishna and Radha playing chaturanga on an 8×8 Ashtāpada During the reign of the later Sassanid king Khosrau I (531–579), a gift from an Indian king (possibly a Maukhari Dynasty king of Kannauj) included a chess game with sixteen pieces of emerald and sixteen of ruby (green vs. red). The game came with a challenge which was successfully resolved by Khosrau's courtiers. This incident, originally referred to in the ''Mâdayân î chatrang'' (c. 620 AD), is also mentioned in Firdausi's Shahnama (c. 1010). The rules of chaturanga seen in India today have enormous variation, but all involve four branches (''anga''s) of the army: the horse, the elephant (bishop), the chariot (rook) and the foot soldier (pawn), played on an 8×8 board. Shatranj adapted much of the same rules as chaturanga, and also the basic 16-piece structure. There is also a larger 10×11 board derivative; the 14th-century Tamerlane chess, or ''shatranj kamil'' (perfect chess), with a slightly different piece structure. In some later variants the darker squares were engraved. The game spread Westwards after the Islamic conquest of Persia and a considerable body of literature on game tactics and strategy was produced from the 8th century onwards. With the spread of Islam, chess diffused into the Maghreb and then to Andalusian Spain. During the Islamic conquest of India (c. 12th century), some forms came back to India as well, as evidenced in the North Indian term ''māt'' (mate, derivative from Persian ''māt'') or the Bengali ''borey'' (pawn, presumed derived from the Arabic ''baidaq''). Over the following centuries, chess became popular in Europe, eventually giving rise to modern chess. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shatranj」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|