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Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional character created by British author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A London-based "consulting detective" whose abilities border on the fantastic, Holmes is known for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science to solve difficult cases. The character first appeared in print in 1887, and was featured in four novels and 56 short stories by Conan Doyle, as well as later works by other authors. The first novel, ''A Study in Scarlet'', appeared in ''Beeton's Christmas Annual'' in 1887 and the second, ''The Sign of the Four'', in ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine'' in 1890. The character's popularity grew with the first series of short stories in ''The Strand Magazine'', beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891; additional short-story series and two novels (published in serial form) appeared from then to 1927. The events in the stories take place from about 1880 to 1914. All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson. Two are narrated by Holmes himself ("The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier" and "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane"), and two others are written in the third person ("The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone" and "His Last Bow"). In two stories ("The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual" and "The Adventure of the ''Gloria Scott''"), Holmes tells Watson the story from memory, with Watson narrating the frame story. The first and fourth novels, ''A Study in Scarlet'' and ''The Valley of Fear'', include long passages of omniscient narrative of events unknown to either Holmes or Watson. ==Inspiration for the character== Doyle said that Holmes was inspired by Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh for whom he had worked as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations. However, he later wrote to Conan Doyle: "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it". Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime. Another inspiration is thought to be Francis "Tanky" Smith, a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester's first private detective.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/conference/previous/curiouser/eccentric-leicester-tour/top-hat-terrace-london-road-le2-0qt )〕 Another inspiration might be ''Maximilien Heller'', by French author Henry Cauvain. In this 1871 novel (16 years before the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, polymath, cat-loving and opium-smoking Paris-based detective.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhVcqVyDeAC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/20150223/abci-polemica-sobre-sherlock-holmes-201502211944.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:3ezu1TaMrK4J:tesi.cab.unipd.it/46778/1/TESI_COMPLETA_UNIPD.pdf+&cd=7&hl=es&ct=clnk&gl=es )〕 It is not known if Conan Doyle read ''Maximilien Heller'' or if all this is coincidental, but it might be a reason why he wrote in ''The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter'' (Holmes speaking) : "My ancestors were country squires... my grandmother... was the sister of Vernet, the French artist." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sherlock Holmes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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