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is a Japanese new religion〔Mikiko, Nagai (1995). (Magic and Self-Cultivation in a New Religion: The Case of Shinnyoen ), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22, No. 3/4, p. 302〕〔Usui 2003, p. 224〕 in the tradition of the Daigo branch of the Shingon Buddhism. It was founded in 1936 by Ito Shinjo (, 1906-1989) and his wife Tomoji (, 1912-1967) in a suburb of metropolitan Tokyo, the city of Tachikawa, where its headquarters is still located.〔Mikiko, Nagai (1995). (Magic and Self-Cultivation in a New Religion: The Case of Shinnyoen ), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22, No. 3/4, p. 303〕〔Shiramizu, Hiroko (1979). (Organizational Mediums: A Case Study of Shinnyo-en ), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 6, No. 3, p. 415.〕 It is open to lay and monastic practitioners alike. Its principal teachings are based on the ''Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra''. They also integrate elements of traditional Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism as well as teachings and practices initiated by the founders of Shinnyo-en, Shinjō Itō (born as Fumiaki Itō), a great master (大阿闍梨 dai ajari) of Shingon Buddhism, and his wife Tomoji Itō (born as Tomoji Uchida), the first woman in the thousand-year history of Daigo-ji in Kyoto to receive the rank of ''Daisōjō'' () as a laywoman. In 2011, Shinnyo-en was reported to have 860 000 members, and temples and training centers in several countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas.〔Pokorny, Lukas (2011). (Neue religiöse Bewegungen in Japan heute: ein Überblick ) (Religious Movements in Japan Today: a Survey ). In: Hödl, Hans Gerald and Veronika Futterknecht, ed. Religionen nach der Säkularisierung. Festschrift für Johann Figl zum 65. Geburtstag, Wien: LIT, p. 191〕 The temples are characterised by the Nirvana image, a statue of the reclining Buddha. Central to Shinnyo-en is the belief, expressed in the ''Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra'', that all beings possess Buddha-nature, a natural, unfettered purity that can respond creatively and compassionately to any situation in life. the head of Shinnyo-en was Shinsō Itō (born 1942, also known as 'Keishu'), who holds the rank of ''Daisōjō,'' the highest rank in traditional Shingon Buddhism. ==History== Shinnyo-en was established in 1936 by Shinjō Itō and his wife Tomoji in the Tokyo suburb of Tachikawa. In December 1935, Shinjō Itō and Tomoji Itō had enshrined an image of Acala believed to have been sculpted by the renowned Buddhist sculptor Unkei and they began a 30-day period of winter austerities in early 1936. Tomoji cultivated her on February 4, inheriting it from her aunt. From that time, Tomoji and Shinjō began a new life together entirely devoted to encouraging people's spiritual growth. In May 1936, Shinjō Itō was ordained by Daisōjō and Chief Abbot Egen Saeki at Sanbō-in, a temple of the Daigo school of Shingon Buddhism. The Chief Abbot conferred to him the monastic name of ''Shinjō'', meaning "True Vehicle", and the title of ''Kongō-in'', which means "Vajra", in December 1938. Accordingly, he changed his name from Fumiaki Itō to Shinjō Itō in April 1942.〔The Path of Oneness, p.392〕 The community was first named ''Risshō-kaku'', then the ''Tachikawa Fellowship of Achala'' (''Tachikawa Fudoson Kyokai'', 1938-1948). Formally registered in 1948 under the Religious Corporations Ordinance (, enacted in 1945) the name changed to ''Sangha of Truth'' (''Makoto-Kyodan'') with Shinchō-ji as its Head Temple. In spring of 1949, a young man, who then assumed a top position in the temple office, began violating the Buddhist precepts and became negligent in his training. He finally left the sangha in the fall of 1949 and filed formal charges against Shinjō in 1950. His primary claim was that he had been beaten during one of the sesshin trainings. Testimony by Shuten Oishi, director of the Federation of New Religious Organisations of Japan, provided proof that sesshin training does not involve physical abuse. Shinjō was given a sentence of eight months in prison, suspended for three years.〔''The Path of Oneness'', Shinnyo-en, English Revised Edition, 2009, p.402-406〕 The Federation of New Religious Organisations criticized this verdict as follows: The sangha was permitted to continue, but under a different name. It was reorganized and renamed ''Shinnyo-en'' on June 21, 1951 and Tomoji Itō became its administrative head. After the revision of the Japanese Religious Corporation Act in April 1951, Shinnyo-en filed an application in the following year and received approval from the Minister of Education on May 16, 1953. The first image of the reclining Nirvana Buddha, sculpted by Shinjō Itō, was consecrated on November 3, 1957. Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen, a Thai vihara, presented Shinnyo-en with śarīra (relics of Gautama Buddha) on July 30, 1966. During June and July 1967 Shinnyo-en's co-founders visited seven European countries and Israel on a religious goodwill mission and presented a nirvana image to several Universities and religious organisations. The first Shinnyo-en Sanctuary outside Japan was inaugurated on March 2, 1971 in Mililani, Hawaii, followed by the dedication of temples in Honolulu (1973), San Francisco (1982), Taiwan (1985), France (1985), Los Angeles (1990), Italy (1990), Belgium (1991), Hong Kong (1992), U.K. (1994), Germany (1994), Singapore (1994), Australia (1999).〔A Walk through the Garden Vol.II p.65-72〕 On September 11, 1997 the "Shinnyo Samaya Hall"〔(Daigo-ji official website )〕 was dedicated at ''Shimo-Daigo'', the lower part of Daigo-ji monastery in recognition of Shinjō Itō's founding of a new school of Buddhism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shinnyo-en」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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