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' ((ヘブライ語:שִׁתּוּף); also transliterated as ' or '; literally "association") is a term used in Jewish sources for the worship of the God of Israel in a manner which Judaism does not deem to be monotheistic. The term connotes a theology that is not outright polytheistic, but also should not be seen as purely monotheistic. The term is primarily used in reference to the Christian Trinity by Jewish legal authorities who wish to distinguish Christianity from full-blown polytheism. Though a Jew would be forbidden from maintaining a ''shituf'' theology, non-Jews would, in some form, be permitted such a theology without being regarded as idolaters by Jews. That said, whether Christianity is ''shituf'' or formal polytheism remains a debate in Jewish theology. ''Shituf'' is first mentioned in the commentary of Tosfot on the Babylonian Talmud,〔Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 63b〕 in a passage concluding with a lenient ruling regarding non-Jews. Later authorities are divided between those who view Tosfot as permitting non-Jews to swear by the name of God even if they associate other deities with that name,〔Noda B'Yehuda, YD 148〕 and those who view Tosfot as permitting non-Jews to actually worship such deities. Though ''shituf'' is primarily used as a means of determining how to relate to Christians, it is applied to other religions as well.〔''The Path of the Righteous Gentile: An Introduction to the Seven Laws of the Children of Noah'', Chaim Clorfene and Yaakov Rogalsky〕 It is frequently used as a reason to justify interfaith dialog with Christians.〔David Novak, ''Jewish Christian Dialogue: A Jewish Justification'', page 49〕 ==Medieval Jewish views== Jewish views, as codified in Jewish law, are split between those who see Christianity as outright idolatry〔Maimonides, ''Mishneh Torah'', Laws of Forbidden Foods 11:7, Laws of Idolatry 9:4; Commentary on Mishnah, Avodah Zarah 1:3〕 and those who see Christianity as ''shituf''.〔 While Christians view their worship of a trinity as monotheistic,〔(Catholic Encyclopedia, Monotheism )〕 Judaism generally rejects this view. The Talmud warns against causing an idolater to take oaths. The commentators living in Christian Germany in the 12th century, called Tosafists, permitted Jews to engage in business practices with Christians, even though this could result in the Christian partner taking an oath by God, which to Christians would include Jesus, by saying that so long as another deity is not mentioned explicitly, there is no idolatry taking place, but only an association. In a terse comment, they wrote:
In the 16th Century, the terse comment is explained as follows by Moses Isserles: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shituf」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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