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Shiwei () was an umbrella term of Mongols and Tungusic peoples that inhabited far-eastern Mongolia, northern Inner Mongolia, northern Manchuria and near the Okhotsk Sea beach and were recorded from the time of the Northern Wei (386-534) until the rise of the Mongols of Genghis Khan in 1206 when the name "Mongol" and "Tatar" were applied to all the Shiwei tribes. Mongol Shiweis were closely related to the Khitan people to their south. As a result of pressure from the west, south and south-east they never established unified, semi-sedentarized empires like their neighbors, but remained at the level of a nomadic confederation led by tribal chieftains, alternately submitting to the Turks, the Chinese and the Khitan as the political climate evolved. The Mengwu Shiwei, one of the twenty Shiwei tribes during the Tang dynasty (618-907), were called the Menggu during the Liao dynasty (907-1125) and are generally considered to be the ancestors of the Mongols of Genghis Khan. The modern Korean pronunciation of Mengwu (蒙兀) is ''Mong-ol'' (/moŋ.ol/). Mongolia is still called "Menggu" (蒙古 ''Měnggǔ'') in Chinese today. ==Origins== In describing the origin of the Shiwei, Chinese dynastic histories record that it is somewhat related to the Khitan, who were of Xianbei origin. They were local Xianbei tribes who became independent after the Xianbei state dissolved in 234 with the death of Budugen. In the ''Book of Wei'', it is recorded that the language of the Shiwei was the same as that of the Khitan, who spoke the Khitan language; in the ''Book of Sui'', it is claimed that the Shiwei belonged to the same kind of people as the Khitan; and in both the New Book of Tang and Old Book of Tang, it is claimed that the Shiwei were a collateral branch of the Khitan. In this sense, the Shiwei, exactly some tribes of the Shiwei, undoubtedly had some ethnic relations with the Khitan.〔Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, page 177.〕 The Book of Sui records that the title of the northern Shiwei chieftain was ''Mohefu'', which is the same as the Khitan title for their chieftain - ''Mohefu'' () or "Mofuhe" (), which is the Chinese rendition of the title Baghatur.〔Sanping Chen, "Son of Heaven and Son of God: Interactions among Ancient Asiatic Cultures regarding Sacral Kingship and Theophoric Names", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov., 2002)'', p. 295〕 For example, the Khitan Mofuhe Hechen who paid tribute to the Northern Wei at Datong in 466-470 and the Khitan Mofuhe Wuyu who fled from Goguryeo and the Rouran Khaganate in 479. Concerning the ethnic relationship between the Shiwei and the Khitan, "the ethnonymic distinction between the Shiwei and Khitan suggests that the division had been completed between the branches leading to Proto-Mongolic and Para-Mongolic".〔, p. 187〕 Tang dynasty historian Wan Guowei wrote that Shiwei were a Khitan tribe.〔G. Sukhbaatar, Mongolian history sourcebooks, Volume I, page 72, 1991〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shiwei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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