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Silence is the lack of audible sound or presence of sounds of very low intensity. By analogy, the word ''silence'' can also refer to any absence of communication or hearing, including in media other than speech and music.〔 Silence is also used as total communication, in reference to nonverbal communication and spiritual connection. Silence also refers to no sounds uttered by anybody in a room or area. Silence is an important factor in many cultural spectacles, as in rituals. In discourse analysis, speakers use brief absences of speech to mark the boundaries of prosodic units. Silence in speech can be due to hesitation, stutters, self-correction—or a deliberate slowing of speech to clarify or aid the processing of ideas. These are short silences. Longer pauses in language occur in interactive roles, reactive tokens, or turn-taking. According to cultural norms, silence can be positive or negative. For example, in a Christian Methodist faith organization, silence and reflection during the sermons might be appreciated by the congregation, while in a Southern Baptist church, silence might mean disagreement with what is being said, or perhaps disconnectedness from the congregated community. == In music == (詳細はrests'' denoting periods of silence. In addition, silence in music can be seen as a time for contemplation to reflect on the piece. The audience feels the effects of the notes previous and can reflect on that moment intentionally. Silence does not hinder musical excellence but can enhance the sounds of instruments and vocals within the piece.〔:〕 In his book ''Sound and Silence'' (1970, p61) the composer John Paynter says that "the dramatic effect of silence has long been appreciated by composers." He gives as an example "the general pause in the middle of the chorus ‘Have lightnings and thunders …’ in Bach’s ''St. Matthew Passion''":〔Paynter, J. and Aston, P. (1970) ''Sound and Silence''. Cambridge University Press〕After the pause, the music continues to the words: "Open up the fiery bottomless pit, O hell!" The silence is intended to communicate a momentary sensation of terror, of staring into unfathomable darkness.〔The silence occurs at 0:37 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6K7-cl7Ynf0〕 Another example of a dramatic silence comes in the "rest full of tension"〔The silence comes at 3:38 in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usfiAsWR4qU〕 at the climactic ending of the Hallelujah Chorus in Handel’s Messiah: Musical silences may also convey humour. Haydn’s Quartet in E flat, Op. 33 was nicknamed "The Joke" because of the comic timing of the pauses at the end of the last movement: Taruskin (2010, p. 552) says "whenever this ending is performed, it takes the audience an extra second or so to recover its wits and realize that the piece is indeed over. The result is an inevitable giggle—the same giggle that overtakes a prestidigitator’s audience when it realizes that it has been ‘had’."〔Taruskin, R. (2010) The Oxford History of Western Music, Volume 2. Oxford University Press.〕〔This passage comes at 3:12 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwZhCJN88ko〕 Barry Cooper (2011, p.38) 〔Cooper, B. "Beethoven’s Uses of Silence", Musical Times, Vol. 152, No. 1914 (Spring 2011), pp. 25-43 Spring 2011.〕 writes extensively of Beethoven’s many uses of silence for contemplation, for dramatic effect and especially for driving the rhythmic impetus of the music. He cites the start of the second movement of the Ninth Symphony, where the silences contribute to a powerful sense of propulsion:"The rhythm of bar 1 is incomplete and demands a note at the beginning of bar 2. The substitution of such a note by a whole-bar rest therefore gives the effect of a suppressed sound, as if one were about to speak but then refrains at the last moment. The 'suppressed sound' is then repeated in bar 4, and 'developed' (by being doubled) in bars 7 and 8."〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTdQECUTDu8〕 Much has been said about the harmony of the opening to Richard Wagner’s opera ''Tristan und Isolde'', which Taruskin (2010, p.540) calls "perhaps the most famous, surely the most commented-on, single phrase of music ever written." However, Wagner’s strategic use of silences between phrases intensifies the troubled ambiguity of the music:〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAULLxcWSpM〕 "The chord that fills the ensuing silence in the listener’s inner ear… is the unstated – indeed never to be stated, and ultimately needless to be stated – tonic of that key." 〔Taruskin, R. (2010) The Oxford History of Western Music, Volume 3. Oxford University Press.〕 During the 20th century, composers explored further the expressive potential of silence in their music.〔Lossef, N. and Doctor, J. (eds.) (2007) Silence, Music, Silent Music. London, Ashgate〕 The contemplative concluding bars of Stravinsky’s ''Les Noces'' (The Wedding, 1923)〔This passage starts at 24:06 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNBDJNHeZmo〕 and Anton Webern’s Symphony (1928)〔The passage occurs at 2:55 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6KmfYR8R6o〕 make telling and atmospheric use of pauses. John Paynter (1970, p.24) vividly conveys how silence contributes to the titanic impact of the third section of Messiaen’s orchestral work ''Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum'' (1964):〔This can be heard at 12:20 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f4qdJHatNM〕 "Woodwinds jump, growl and shriek. Silence. Eight solemn bell strokes echo and die. Again silence. Suddenly the brasses blare, and out of the trombones’ awesome processional grows a steady roar … the big gongs the tam-tam beaten in a long and powerful resonance, shattering and echoing across mountains and along valleys. This is music of the high hills, music for vast spaces: ‘The hour is coming when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God’. We can feel the awe and the majesty of the High Alps and the great churches. The instrumental sounds are vast the silences are deep. The words of St John are alive in the music, and through these sounds Messiaen reveals himself and his vision."〔 An extreme example from 1952 is ''4′33″'', an experimental musical work by avant-garde composer John Cage, incorporating ambient sounds not foreseeable by the composer. Though first performed on the piano, the piece was composed for any instrument or instruments and is structured in three movements.〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTEFKFiXSx4〕 The length of each movement is not fixed by the composer, but the total length of the combination of three movements is. The score instructs the performer(s) to remain silent throughout the piece.〔Cage, J.(1952), 4’33", Published by Edition Peters (PE.P06777)〕 There are telling examples of the use of silence in jazz. For example, the closing bars of Louis Armstrong's recording of ''Struttin' with some Barbecue'' (1928),〔The silences occur at 2:47 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yl-2R_Pb7dk〕 the hair's-breadth pause at the end of pianist Bill Evans' solo on Miles Davis' recording of ''On Green Dolphin Street'' (1959)〔The pause occurs at 8:30 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGVdAlxlp18〕 and Shorty Rogers' ''Martians go home''(1955), where unexpected silences intrude into an otherwise conventional "walking bass" line.〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pC0_79OEqx4〕 Duke Ellington's "Madness in Great Ones", from his Shakespearean Suite ''Such Sweet Thunder'' (1957) conveys the feigned madness of Prince Hamlet through abrupt and unpredictable pauses that interrupt the flow of the music.〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhpqIMor2P8〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Silence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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