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Silvanidae, "silvan flat bark beetles," is a family of beetles in the superfamily Cucujoidea,〔Thomas, M.C. 2002. Family 80. Silvanidae Kirby 1837. Pp. 322-326 In: Arnett, R. H., Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley, and J. H. Frank (editors). 2002. American Beetles. Vol. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton. xiv + 861pp.〕〔Thomas, M. C., and R.A. B. Leschen. 2010. Silvanidae Kirby, 1837. p. 346-350. In: Leschen, R.A.B., R.G. Beutel, and J.F. Lawrence. Coleoptera, Beetles. Vol. 2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim). Handbook of Zoology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.〕 consisting of 58 described genera and about 500 described species.〔(Silvanidae Species List ) at Joel Hallan’s Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University. Retrieved on 15 May 2012.〕 The family is represented on all continents except Antarctica, and is most diverse at both the generic and species levels in the Old World tropics.〔 Silvanids generally are small, brownish, flattened, pubescent and densely punctured beetles ranging from 1.2-15mm in length, and mostly with a 5-5-5 tarsal formula. They have short, strongly clubbed, to very elongate antennae, and frequently grooves or carinae on the head and/or pronotum. Many genera have the lateral margins of the pronotum dentate or denticulate. The family is divided unequally into two subfamilies: Brontinae and Silvaninae. The Brontinae, arranged in two tribes (Brontini and Telephanini) of 10 genera each, are larger, loosely jointed beetles with long antennae, an especially elongate scape, inverted male genitalia, and mandibular mycangia.〔Grebennikov, V. V. and R. A. B. Leschen. 2010. External exoskeletal cavities in Coleoptera and their possible mycangial functions. Entomological Science 13: 81–98.〕 Both brontine tribes have recently been reviewed at the genus level.〔Thomas, M. C. 2004. The Brontini of the world: A generic review of the tribe (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae). Insecta Mundi 17: 1-31 (2003).〕〔Thomas, M. C., and E. H. Nearns. 2008. A new genus of telephanine Silvanidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea), with a diagnosis of the tribe and key to genera. Insecta Mundi 0048: 1-14.〕 The Silvaninae, which has not been divided into tribes, consists of 48 genera of mostly smaller beetles characterized by their closed procoxal cavities, mostly without mandibular mycangia, and non-inverted male genitalia.〔 The largest genera are ''Telephanus'' (109 species), ''Psammoecus'' (81 species), and ''Cryptamorpha'' (27 species) (all Brontinae: Telephanini) and the Old World silvanine genus ''Airaphilus'' (35 species). There have been a number of major taxonomic studies in the Silvanidae in recent decades, including Halstead (1973),〔Halstead, D.G.H. 1973. A revision of the genus ''Silvanus'' Latreille (s.l.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 29:39-112.〕 Sen Gupta and Pal (1996),〔Sen Gupta, T., and T.K. Pal. 1996. Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Calvicornia (): Coleoptera. Family Silvanidae. Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta, 262 pp.〕 Pal (1981, 1985),〔Pal, T.K. 1981. On ''Monanus'' Sharp (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from India. Oriental Insects 15:241-255.〕〔Pal, T.K. 1981. A new genus and a species of Psammoecinae (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from South India. Oriental Insects 15:257-261.〕〔Pal, T.K. 1985. A revision of Indian ''Psammoecus'' Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper 71: 1-54.〕 and Karner (1995, 2012).〔Karner, M. 1995. A new genus and two new species of Telephanini, with a redescription of Psammaechidius spinicollis Fairmaire and notes on the genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Uleiotinae, Telephanini). Coleoptera 8: 3-17.〕〔Karner, M. 2012. A revision of African ''Psammoecus'' (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) and descriptions of two new species from the collection of the Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale. European Journal of Taxonomy 17: 1-31.〕 Investigations into the phylogenetic relationships within the family and between the Silvanidae and other cucujoids are at the preliminary stages. A phylogenetic analysis of the "primitive" cucujoids using morphological characters of larvae and adults found a close relationship between the Silvanidae and Cucujidae.〔Leschen, R.A.B., J.F. Lawrence, and S.A. Slipinski. 2005. Classification of basal Cucujoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga): cladistic analysis, keys and review of new families. Invertebrate Systematics 19: 17-73.〕 A molecular phylogenetic study primarily aimed at clarifying the status of the more "advanced" cucujoids nevertheless included exemplars of the basal taxa. It showed a close relationship between Passandridae and Silvanidae, and a more distant one with Cucujidae.〔Robertson, J. A., M. F. Whiting, and J. V. McHugh. 2008. Searching for natural lineages within the Cerylonid Series (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 193–205.〕 ==Biology and habitats== Although all silvanids seem to be primarily fungivorous, the habitat where the various taxa are found varies. Members of the tribe Brontini primarily are found under dead bark, although ''Brontoliota'' are found on the outside of dead wood lying on the ground in wet forests and ''Protodendrophagus'' occur under rocks in alpine areas of New Zealand.〔 Brontini do not have lobed tarsomeres. Members of Telephanini usually occur on withered, pendant leaves, especially of Musaceae and Heliconiaceae. Telephanini usually have lobed tarsomeres. Silvaninae are found in subcortical habitats as well as in leaf-litter and soil. Two genera, ''Nepharis'' and ''Nepharinus'', are inquilines of ants in Australia,〔 and two species of ''Coccidotrophus'' and one of ''Eunausibius'' occur in the petioles of ant-plants (''Tachigalia'' spp.) in the American tropics, where they feed on honeydew produced by a mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).〔Böving, A. G. 1921. The larvae and pupae of the social beetles ''Coccidotrophus socialis'' (Schwarz and Barber) and ''Eunausibius wheeleri'' (Schwarz and Barber) with remarks on the taxonomy of the family Cucujidae. Zoologica 3: 197–213.〕〔Barber, H.S. 1928. A new Bolivian silvanid beetle from the myrmecodomatia of ''Cordia''. Psyche 35: 167-168.〕 Ten genera are represented by species that have been moved widely through commerce and now have worldwide or nearly worldwide distributions (e.g., ''Ahasverus'', ''Oryzaephilus'', ''Silvanus'', ''Cryptamorpha'', ''Monanus''.)〔〔Halstead, D.G.H. 1993. Keys for the identification of beetles associated with stored products-II. Laemophloeidae, Passandridae and Silvanidae. Journal of Stored Products Research 29(2): 99-197.〕 The most economically important genus is ''Oryzaephilus'', with two common stored products pest species (''O. surinamensis'' (L.), the sawtoothed grain beetle, and ''O. mercator'' (Fauvel), the merchant grain beetle), and several others that are sporadic pests 〔Halstead, D.G.H. 1980. A revision of the genus ''Oryzaephilus'' Ganglbauer, including descriptions of related genera (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 69:271-374.〕 Other economically important stored products pests include ''Ahasverus advena'' (Waltl), ''Cathartus quadricollis'' (Guerin-Meneville), and ''Nausibius clavicornis'' (Kugelann). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Silvanidae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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