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''Silybum'' (milk thistle) is a genus of two species of thistles in the (daisy family).〔Vaillant, Sébastien. 1754. Der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Paris Physische Abhandlungen 5: 173, 605〕〔(Tropicos, ''Silybum'' Vaill. )〕 The plants are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. One species has been introduced elsewhere, including in North America.〔http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130368〕 The name "milk thistle" derives from a feature of the leaves, which are prominently banded with splashes of white. Historically, these milky bands were said to be Mother Mary's milk, and this is the origin of another common name, St. Mary's thistle. The most widespread species is ''Silybum marianum''.〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo mariano, Blessed Milkthistle, Variegated Thistle, silybe de Marie, Mariendistel, ''Silybum marianum'' (L.) Gaertn. ) includes photos and distribution maps〕 Many years of research show the active flavanoid-lignan (flavanolignan) group of constituents, called silymarin, contained only in the seed shell has liver-protective and regenerative properties, as well as antioxidant effects. The liver-protective effects were known and written about in ancient times, leading to the active chemical, pharmacological, and safety research beginning in Germany in the 1950s. Clinical use for a variety of liver ailments, such as hepatitis, has also prospered throughout many parts of the world. == Description and classification == Members of this genus grow as annual or biennial plants. The erect stem is tall, branched and furrowed but not spiny. The large, alternate leaves are waxy-lobed, toothed and thorny, as in other genera of thistle. The lower leaves are cauline (attached to the stem without petiole). The upper leaves have a clasping base. They have large, disc-shaped pink-to-purple, rarely white, solitary flower heads at the end of the stem. The flowers consist of tubular florets. The phyllaries under the flowers occur in many rows, with the outer row with spine-tipped lobes and apical spines. The fruit is a black achene with a white pappus.〔(Flora of North America, Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 164, Blessed milkthistle, ''Silybum marianum'' (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791. )〕 ;Species and varieties〔〔(The Plant List search for ''Silybum'' )〕 * ''Silybum eburneum'' Coss. & Dur., known as the silver milk thistle, elephant thistle, or ivory thistle - Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain * * ''Silybum eburneum'' Coss. & Dur. var. ''hispanicum'' * ''Silybum marianum'' (L.) Gaertner, the blessed milk thistle, which has a large number of other common names, such as variegated thistle. - widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North Africa from Norway + the Canary Islands to China + Maluku; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, + the Americas The two species hybridise naturally, the hybrid being known as ''Silybum × gonzaloi'' Cantó, Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart. (''S. eburneum'' var. ''hispanicum'' x ''S. marianum'') ;formerly included〔(Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist )〕 * ''Silybum atriplicifolium - Synurus deltoides'' * ''Silybum cernuum - Alfredia cernua'' ''Silybum marianum'' is by far the more widely known species. Milk thistle is believed to give some remedy for liver diseases (e.g. viral hepatitis) and the extract, silymarin, is used in medicine. Mild gastrointestinal distress is the most common adverse event reported for milk thistle. The incidence is the same as for placebo. A laxative effect for milk thistle has also been reported infrequently. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Silybum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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