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United States expedition to Korea
The United States expedition to Korea, the ''Shinmiyangyo'', or simply the Korean Expedition, in 1871, was the first American military action in Korea.
It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The reason for the presence of the American land and naval force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and political relations with the peninsular nation, to ascertain the fate of the merchant ship ''General Sherman'', and to establish a treaty assuring aid for shipwrecked sailors. When Korean shore batteries attacked two American warships on 1 June, a punitive expedition was launched 10 days later after the commanding American admiral failed to receive an official apology from the Koreans. The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to a misunderstanding between the two parties that changed a diplomatic expedition into an armed conflict. On 10 June, about 650 Americans landed and captured several forts, killing over 200 Korean troops with a loss of only three American dead. Korea continued to refuse to negotiate with the United States until 1882.
==Initial contact==
The expedition consisted of about 650 men, over 500 sailors and 100 Marines, as well as five warships:〔The number of ships is confirmed by Lee (1984), p. 264.〕 , , , , and . Embarked aboard ''Colorado'' was Rear Admiral John Rodgers, also Frederick F. Low, the United States Ambassador to China.〔Lee (1984), loc. cit.〕〔(Colorado ) ''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships''〕 The Korean forces, known as "Tiger Hunters", were led by General Eo Jae-yeon (Hangul; 어재연 Hanja; 魚在淵).
The Americans safely made contact with the Korean inhabitants, described as "people wearing white clothes". When they inquired about the General Sherman incident, the Koreans were initially reluctant to discuss the topic, ostensibly to avoid having to pay any recompense. The Americans consequently let the Koreans know that their fleet would be exploring the area, and that they meant no harm. This gesture was misinterpreted; Korean policy at the time prohibited foreign ships from sailing on the Han River, as it led directly to the capital city of Hanyang, modern day Seoul. On 1 June the Korean fortress fired at the U.S. fleet as they sailed up the Ganghwa Straits, which leads to the river. The U.S. forces were not badly damaged, due "to the bad gunnery of the Coreans, whose fire, although very hot for the fifteen minutes in which they maintained it, was ill-directed, and consequently without effect." Along with the cannons being arranged in rows, one tier above another on the hill-side, and fired by a train of powder."〔Report of Rear-Admiral John Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, June 3, 1871〕 The U.S. demanded an apology within 10 days; there was no response so Rodgers decided on a punitive assault on the forts.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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