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Sinuessa
Sinuessa () was a city of Latium, in the more extended sense of the name, situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea, about 10 km north of the mouth of the Volturno River (the ancient ''Vulturnus''). It was on the line of the Via Appia, and was the last place where that great highroad touched on the sea-coast.〔Strabo v. p. 233.〕 The ruins of the city are located in the modern-day municipality of Mondragone, Campania, Italy.
==History==
It is certain that Sinuessa was not an ancient city; indeed there is no trace of the existence of an Italic town on the spot before the foundation of the Roman colony. Some authors〔Livy x. 21; Pliny the Elder iii. 5. s. 9.)〕 mention an obscure tradition that there had previously been a Greek city on the spot called "Sinope"; but little value can be attached to this statement. It is certain that if it ever existed, it had wholly disappeared, and the site was included in the territory of the Ausonian city of Vescia, when the Romans determined to establish simultaneously the two colonies of Minturnae and Sinuessa on the Tyrrhenian Sea.〔Livy x. 21.〕 The name of Sinuessa was derived, according to Strabo,〔Strabo v. p. 234.〕 from its situation on the spacious gulf (Latin: ''sinus''), now called the Gulf of Gaeta. The object of establishing these colonies was chiefly for the purpose of securing the neighboring fertile tract of country from the ravages of the Samnites, who had already repeatedly overrun the district. But for this very reason the plebeians at Rome hesitated to give their assent, and there was some difficulty found in carrying out the colony, which was, however, settled in the following year, 296 BCE.〔Livy x. 21; Velleius Paterculus i. 14.)〕
Sinuessa seems to have rapidly risen into a place of importance; but its territory was severely ravaged in 217 BCE by Hannibal, whose cavalry carried their devastations up to the very gates of the town.〔Livy xxii. 13, 14.〕 It subsequently endeavored, in common with Minturnae and other ''coloniae maritimae'', to establish its exemption from furnishing military levies; but this was overruled, while there was an enemy with an army in Italy. At a later period (191 BCE) Sinuessa again attempted, but with equal ill success, to procure a similar exemption from the naval service.〔Livy xxvii. 38, xxxvi. 3.〕 Its position on the Appian Way doubtless contributed greatly to the prosperity of Sinuessa; for the same reason it is frequently incidentally mentioned by Cicero, and we learn that Julius Caesar halted there for a night on his way from Brundisium to Rome, in 49 BCE.〔Cicero ''Epistulae ad Atticum'' ix. 1. 5, 16, xiv. 8, ''Familiar Letters'' xii. 20.〕 It is noticed also by Horace on his journey to Brundusium, as the place where he met with his friends Varius and Virgil.〔''Sat.'' i. 5. 40.〕
The fertility of its territory, and especially of the neighbouring ridge of the Mons Massicus, so celebrated for its wines, must also have tended to promote the prosperity of Sinuessa, but we hear little of it under the Roman Empire. It received a body of military colonists, apparently under the Triumvirate,〔''Liber Coloniarum'' p. 237.〕 but did not retain the rank of a colonia and is termed by Pliny as well as the ''Liber Coloniarum'' only an ''oppidum'', or ordinary municipal town.〔Pliny iii. 5. s. 9; Lib. Col. ''l. c.''.〕 It was the furthest town in Latium, as that geographical term was understood in the days of Strabo and Pliny, or ''Latium adjectum'', as the latter author terms it; and its territory extended to the river Savo, which formed the limit between Latium and Campania.〔Strabo v. pp. 219, 231, 233; Pliny iii. 5. s. 9; Mel. ii. 4. § 9.〕 At an earlier period indeed Polybius reckoned it a town of Campania, and Ptolemy follows the same classification, as he makes the Liris the southern limit of Latium;〔Polybius iii. 91; Ptolomy iii. 1. § 6).〕 but the division adopted by Strabo and Pliny is probably the most correct. The Itineraries all notice Sinuessa as a still existing town on the Appian Way, and place it nine miles from Minturnae, which is, however, considerably below the truth.〔Antonine Itinerary § 108; Itin. Hier. § 611; Tabula Peutingeriana.〕 In his ''Meditations'', written around AD 180, the emperor Marcus Aurelius notes that his friend Junius Rusticus sent a letter to Marcus's mother from Sinuessa. The period of its destruction is unknown.
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