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Sirmium was a city in Pannonia, an ancient province of the Roman Empire. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mesto Sremska Mitrovica, upoznaj Srbiju )〕 it was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and subsequently became the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior. In 294 AD, Sirmium was pronounced one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire. It was also the capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and of Pannonia Secunda Province. Sirmium was located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in Vojvodina province, northern Serbia. The Republic of Serbia declared its site an Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance in 1990. The modern region of Syrmia (Srem) is named after it. Sirmium had 100,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SREMSKA MITROVICA IN ROMAN TIMES )〕 inhabitants and was one of the biggest cities of its time. Colin McEvedy, however, put the population at only 7,000, based on the size of the archaeological site.〔McEvedy, Cities of the Classical World, (London: Allen Lane, 2011), p.346.〕 Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". ==History== Remains of Sirmium stand on the site of the modern-day Sremska Mitrovica, 55 km west of Belgrade (Roman Singidunum) and 145 km away from Kostolac (Roman Viminacium). Archaeologists have found traces of organized human life on the site of Sirmium dating from 5,000 BC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= SREMSKA MITROVICA IN ROMAN TIMES )〕 The city was firstly mentioned in the 4th century BC and was originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mesto Sremska Mitrovica, upoznaj Srbiju )〕 (i.e. by the Pannonian-Illyrian Amantini〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SRCE.hr )〕 and the Celtic Scordisci〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= VML.de )〕). The Triballian King Syrmus was later considered the eponymous founder of Sirmium, but the roots are different, and the two words only became conflated later.〔Fanula Papazoglu, ''The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times'', Hakkert, 1978. ISBN 90-256-0793-4. p.74.〕 The name Sirmium by itself means "flow", "flowing water", "wetland", referring to its close river position on the nearby Sava, Latin'' Savus''. With the Scordisci as allies, the Roman proconsul Marcus Vinicius took Sirmium in around 14 BC.〔Ronald Syme, Anthony Birley, ''The provincial at Rome: and, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14'', p. 204 (Google Books )〕〔Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew Lintott, ''The Cambridge ancient history'' 10:551 (Google Books )〕 In the 1st century AD, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome, and became an important military and strategic center of Pannonia province. The Roman emperors Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II prepared war expeditions in Sirmium. In 103 Pannonia was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior, and Sirmium became the capital city of the latter. In 296 Diocletian reorganized Pannonia into four provinces: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda, and Sirmium became the capital of Pannonia Secunda. He joined them with Noricum and Dalmatia to establish the Diocese of Pannonia, with Sirmium as its capital also. In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities (along with Trier, Mediolanum, and Nicomedia) of the Roman Empire, and was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of Praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium, remaining so until 379, when the westernmost Diocese of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, Pannonia (including Sirmium), was detached and joined to the Praetorian prefecture of Italia assuming the name of Diocese of Illyricum. The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture under the East Roman Empire with its new capital in Thessalonica. From the 4th century, the city was an important Christian center, and the seat of the Bishop of Sirmium. Five church councils, the Councils of Sirmium, took place in Sirmium. The city also had an imperial palace, a horse-racing arena, a mint, an arena theatre, and a theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces and luxury villas. Ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". The mint in Sirmium was connected with the mint in Salona and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through the Via Argentaria. At the end of the 4th century Sirmium came under the sway of the Goths, and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441 the Huns conquered Sirmium; it remained for more than a century in the hands of various other tribes, such as Eastern Goths and Gepids. For a short time, Sirmium was the centre of the Gepid State and King Cunimund minted gold coins there. After 567, Sirmium reverted to the Eastern Roman Empire. The Avars conquered and destroyed the city in 582. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sirmium」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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