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The Situationist International (SI) was an international organization of social activists made up of avant-garde artists, intellectuals, and political theorists, prominent in Europe from its formation in 1957 to its dissolution in 1972. The intellectual foundations of the Situationist International were derived primarily from anti-authoritarian Marxism and the avant-garde art movements of the early 20th century, particularly Dada and Surrealism.〔 Overall, situationist theory represented an attempt to synthesize this diverse field of theoretical disciplines into a modern and comprehensive critique of mid-20th century advanced capitalism.〔 The situationists recognized that capitalism had changed since Marx's formative writings, but maintained that his analysis of the capitalist mode of production remained fundamentally correct; they rearticulated and expanded upon several classical Marxist concepts, such as his theory of alienation.〔 In their expanded interpretation of Marxist theory, the situationists asserted that the misery of social alienation and commodity fetishism were no longer limited to the fundamental components of capitalist society, but had now in advanced capitalism spread themselves to every aspect of life and culture.〔 They rejected the idea that advanced capitalism's apparent successes—such as technological advancement, increased income, and increased leisure—could ever outweigh the social dysfunction and degradation of everyday life that it simultaneously inflicted.〔 Essential to situationist theory was the concept of the spectacle, a unified critique of advanced capitalism of which a primary concern was the progressively increasing tendency towards the expression and mediation of social relations through objects.〔 The situationists believed that the shift from individual expression through directly lived experiences, or the first-hand fulfillment of authentic desires, to individual expression by proxy through the exchange or consumption of commodities, or passive second-hand alienation, inflicted significant and far-reaching damage to the quality of human life for both individuals and society.〔 Another important concept of situationist theory was the primary means of counteracting the spectacle; the construction of situations, moments of life deliberately constructed for the purpose of reawakening and pursuing authentic desires, experiencing the feeling of life and adventure, and the liberation of everyday life.〔〔Guy Debord (1958) ''(Definitions )''. Internationale Situationniste #1 (Paris, June 1958). Translated by Ken Knabb.〕 When the Situationist International was first formed, it had a predominantly artistic focus; emphasis was placed on concepts like unitary urbanism and psychogeography.〔 Gradually, however, that focus shifted more towards revolutionary and political theory.〔 The Situationist International reached the apex of its creative output and influence in 1967 and 1968, with the former marking the publication of the two most significant texts of the situationist movement, ''The Society of the Spectacle'' by Guy Debord and ''The Revolution of Everyday Life'' by Raoul Vaneigem. The expressed writing and political theory of the two aforementioned texts, along with other situationist publications, proved greatly influential in shaping the ideas behind the May 1968 insurrections in France; quotes, phrases, and slogans from situationist texts and publications were ubiquitous on posters and graffiti throughout France during the uprisings.〔 ==Etymology and usage== The term "situationist" refers to the construction of situations, one of the early central concepts of the Situationist International; the term also refers to any individuals engaged in the construction of situations, or, more narrowly, to members of the Situationist International.〔Guy Debord (1958) ''(Definitions )''. Internationale Situationniste #1 (Paris, June 1958). Translated by Ken Knabb.〕 Situationist theory sees the situation as a tool for the liberation of everyday life, a method of negating the pervasive alienation that accompanied the spectacle. The founding manifesto of the Situationist International, ''Report on the Construction of Situations'' (1957), defined the construction of situations as "the concrete construction of momentary ambiances of life and their transformation into a superior passional quality."〔 ''Internationale Situationniste'' #1 (June 1958) defined the constructed situation as "a moment of life concretely and deliberately constructed by the collective organization of a unitary ambiance and a game of events".〔 The situationists argued that advanced capitalism manufactured false desires; literally in the sense of ubiquitous advertising and the glorification of accumulated capital, and more broadly in the abstraction and reification of the more ephemeral experiences of authentic life into commodities. The experimental direction of situationist activity consisted of setting up temporary environments favorable to the fulfillment of true and authentic human desires in response.〔Guy Debord (1958) ''(Preliminary Problems in Constructing a Situation )''. Internationale Situationniste #1 (Paris, June 1958). Translated by Ken Knabb.〕 The Situationist International strongly resisted use of the term "situationism", which Debord called a "meaningless term", adding "()here is no such thing as situationism, which would mean a doctrine for interpreting existing conditions".〔 The situationists maintained a philosophical opposition to all ideologies, conceiving of them as abstract superstructures ultimately serving only to justify the economic base of a given society; accordingly, they rejected "situationism" as an absurd and self-contradictory concept.〔Raoul Vaneigem (1967) ''(Traité du savoir-vivre à l’usage des jeunes générations )''. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter 1: The Insignificant Signified.〕 In ''The Society of the Spectacle'', Debord asserted ideology was "the abstract will to universality and the illusion thereof" which was "legitimated in modern society by universal abstraction and by the effective dictatorship of illusion".〔 Guy Debord (1967) ''(Society of the Spectacle''. (Paris, June 1967). Chapter IX: Ideology in Material Form. ) 〕 However, despite their insistence on this point, the term "situationism" is still occasionally used in reference to the Situationist International. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Situationist International」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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