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Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Djeser Kheperu (sometimes spelled ''Smenkhare'', ''Smenkare'' or ''Smenkhkara'') was a short lived Pharaoh in the late 18th Dynasty. His names translate as 'Living are the Forms of Re' and 'Vigorous is the Soul of Re - Holy of Forms'.〔 His reign was during the Amarna Period, a time when Akhenaten sought to impose new religious views. He is to be distinguished from the king who was female and used the name Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten but included epithets in her cartouche. Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare did not use epithets in his royal name or cartouche.〔Aidan Dodson, (Amarna Sunset:the late-Amarna succession revisited ) in ''Beyond the Horizon. Studies in Egyptian Art, Archaeology and History and history in Honour of Barry J. Kemp'', ed. S, Ikram and A. Dodson, pp.31-32 Cairo, 2009.〕 Very little is known of Smenkhkare for certain because later kings, beginning with Horemheb, sought to erase the entire Amarna Period from history. ==Name Confusion== ::''For the complete historiography regarding the names, see Neferneferuaten'' Smenkhkare was known as far back as 1845 from the tomb of Meryre II. There he and Meritaten, bearing the title Great Royal Wife, are shown rewarding the tomb's owner. The names of the king have since been cut out but had been recorded by Lepsius circa 1850.〔de Garies Davies, N. 1905. ''The Rock Tombs of El Amarna, Part II: The Tombs of Panehesy and Meryra II''. Archaeological Survey of Egypt. F. L. Griffith. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.〕 Later, a different set of names emerged using the same throne name: "''Ankhkheperure mery Neferkheperure'' () ''Neferneferuaten mery Wa en Re'' ()". This led to a great deal of confusion since throne names tended to be unique.〔Dodson, A; (2009) p 34〕 For the better part of a century, the repetition of throne names was taken to mean that Smenkhare changed his name to Neferneferuaten at some point, probably upon the start of his sole reign. Indeed, Petrie makes exactly that distinction in his excavation notes of 1894. By the 1970s, feminine traces in some versions of the name and more often in the epithets led to various theories. Among them, that Nefertiti was masquerading as Smenkhkare before changing her name again to Neferneferuaten. When considered with various stela depicting Akhenaten with another king in familiar, if not intimate poses, the theory that Akhenaten and Smenkhkare were homosexual arose. In 1978, it was proposed that there were 2 individuals using the same name: a male king Smenkhkare and a female Neferneferuaten.〔Krauss, R; (1978) p 43-47〕 Ten years later, James Allen pointed out the name 'Ankhkheperure' nearly always included an epithet referring to Akhenaten such as 'desired of Wa en Re' when coupled with 'Neferneferuaten'. There were no occasions where the ‘long’ versions of the prenomen occurred alongside the nomen 'Smenkhkare', nor was the ‘short’ version ever found associated with the nomen 'Neferneferuaten'.〔Allen, J; (1988)〕 The issue of a female Neferneferuaten was finally settled for the remaining holdouts when James Allen confirmed Marc Gabolde's findings that objects from Tutankhamun's tomb originally inscribed for Neferneferuaten which had been read using the epithet "...desired of Akhenaten" were originally inscribed as ''Akhet-en-hyes'' or "effective for her husband".〔Gabolde, M; (1998) pp 147–62, 213–219〕〔Dodson A. and Hilton D.; (2004) p.285〕 Smenkhkare, as son in law, might be 'desired of Akhenaten', but only a female could fit the new reading. By the start of the 21st Century, "a fair degree of consensus"〔Miller, J.; (2007) p 272〕 emerged that Neferneferuaten was a female king and Smenkhkare a separate male king, particularly among specialists of the period〔Miller, J.; (2007) p 272; To wit: Allen (1994); Gabolde (1998); Eaton-Krauss and Krauss(2001); Hornung (2006); von Beckerath (1997); Allen (2006); Krauss (2007); Murnane (2001) They otherwise hold very different views on the succession, chronology and identity of Neferneferuaten.〕 (the public and the internet still often commingle the two unwittingly and otherwise). Almost as important, when presented with just the name Ankhkheperure, it is now widely accepted that the use of epithets indicates Neferneferuaten while no epithets indicates Smenkhkare.〔e.g. Murnane, J.; ''The End of the Amarna Period Once Again'' (2001); Allen, J,; 1998, 2006; Gabolde, M.; ''Das Ende der Amarnazeit'', (2001); Hornung, E.; (2006); Miller, J.; (2007) p 274 n 96, 97, 98; Dodson A.; (2009) p 36.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Smenkhkare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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