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Sneferu
Sneferu (also read Snefru or Snofru), well known under his Hellenized name Soris (by Manetho), was the founder of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'' suggesting a reign from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC,〔Jaromir Malek in ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', p.87〕 a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Stadelmann a 48-year reign.〔Rainer Stadelmann: ''Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alten Reiches: Die Länge der Regierung des Snofru.'' In: ''Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institutes Kairo'' (''MDAIK''), Vol. 43. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISSN 0342-1279, p. 229–240.〕 He built at least three pyramids that survive to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids in Ancient Egypt.
== Reign length ==
The 24 year Turin Canon figure for Sneferu's reign is considered today to be an underestimate since this king's highest known date is an inscription discovered at the Red Pyramid of Dahshur and mentioning Sneferu's 24th cattle count, corresponding to at least 24 full years.〔Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology", Archiv Orientální. vol. 69, Praha 2001, page 367〕 Snefru, however, was known to have a minimum of at least three year after the cattle count dates: his years after the 10th, the 13th and the 18th count are attested at his Meidum pyramid.〔Verner, pp.367〕 This would mean that Sneferu ruled Egypt a minimum of 27 full years.
However, in the Palermo Stone, recto 6 at the bottom of the fragment shows the year of the 7th count of Sneferu while recto 7 on the same following row shows the year of the 8th count of Sneferu.〔H. Schäfer, Ein Bruchstück altägyptischer Annalen, 1902 (APAW: Phil.-hist Kl. 4) 30-31〕 Significantly, there is a previous mostly intact column for Sneferu in recto 5 which also mentions events in this king's reign in a specific year but does not mention the previous (6th) year.〔see Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs:A Complete Guide to Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson paperback, 1993, p.15〕 This column must, therefore, be dated to the year after the 6th count of Sneferu. Hence, Sneferu's reign would be a minimum of 28 years. Since there are many periods in Snefru's reigns for which Egyptologists have few dates—only the years of the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd and 24th count are known for Sneferu before one considers the years after his cattle counts〔Verner, pp.365-367〕—this pharaoh is most likely to have had a reign in excess of 30 years to manage to build three pyramids in his long rule but not 48 years since the cattle count was not regularly biannual during his kingship. (there are fewer year after the count dates known for Sneferu compared to year of the count or census dates)
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