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|common_name = Somalia |image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg |image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg |image_map2 = Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg |national_anthem = |official_languages = |religion = Islam |demonym = |government_type = Federal parliamentary republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke |legislature = Federal Parliament |capital = Mogadishu |latd=2|latm=2|latNS=N|longd=45|longm=21|longEW=E |largest_city = Mogadishu |area_km2 = 637,657 |area_sq_mi = 246,200 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 10,428,043〔|population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = |population_density_km2 = 16.12〔(CIA World Factbook 2011 – Population density ). Photius.com (25 May 2011). Retrieved 15 December 2011.〕 |population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2010 |GDP_PPP = $5.896 billion〔 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $600〔 |Gini_year= |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_change = |HDI = |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = unranked |sovereignty_type = Formation |established_event1 = Somali city-states |established_date1 = 200 |established_event2 = Sultanate of Mogadishu |established_date2 = 10th century |established_event3 = Adal Sultanate |established_date3 = 13th century |established_event4 = Warsangali Sultanate |established_date4 = 13th century |established_event5 = Ajuran Sultanate |established_date5 = 13th century |established_event6 = Majeerteen Sultanate |established_date6 = 17th century |established_event7 = Sultanate of the Geledi |established_date7 = 17th century |established_event8 = Sultanate of Hobyo |established_date8 = 19th century |established_event9 = British Somaliland |established_date9 = 1884 |established_event10 = Italian Somaliland |established_date10 = 1889 |established_event11 = Dervish state |established_date11 = 20th century |established_event12 = Union, Independence and Original Constitution |established_date12 = 1 July 1960〔 |established_event13 = Current Constitution |established_date13 = 1 August 2012 |currency = Somali shilling |currency_code = SOS |time_zone = EAT |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +252 |cctld = .so }} Somalia ( ; (ソマリ語:''Soomaaliya''); (アラビア語:الصومال) '), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia〔The ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of the (Provisional Constitution ).〕 ((ソマリ語:Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya), (アラビア語:جمهورية الصومال الفدرالية) '), is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on the continent's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.〔 Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Somalia has a population of around 10 million. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis,〔 who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the southern regions.〔.〕 The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic, both of which belong to the Afroasiatic family.〔 Most people in the country are Muslim, with the majority being Sunni.〔.〕 In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial centre.〔John Kenrick (1855) ''Phoenicia'', B. Fellowes, p. 199.〕 It is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt.〔Christine El Mahdy (2005) ''Egypt : 3000 Years of Civilization Brought to Life'', Raincoast Books, p. 297, ISBN 1551928795.〕〔Stefan Goodwin (2006) ''Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent'', Lexington Books, p. 48, ISBN 0739107313.〕 During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Geledi Sultanate. In the late 19th century, through a succession of treaties with these kingdoms, the British and Italians gained control of parts of the coast and established the colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland.〔.〕 In the interior, Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Dervish State successfully repelled the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.〔Kevin Shillington (2005) ''Encyclopedia of African history'', CRC Press, p. 1406, ISBN 1579582451.〕 The Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.〔.〕 Italy acquired full control of the northeastern and southern parts of the area after successfully waging the so-called Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo.〔 Italian occupation lasted until 1941, yielding to British military administration. Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate, while southern Somalia became a United Nations Trusteeship in 1949. In 1960, the two regions united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government.〔''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.〕 Mohamed Siad Barre seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic. In 1991, Barre's government collapsed as the Somali Civil War broke out. Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum, particularly in the south. During this period, due to the absence of a central government, Somalia was a "failed state", and residents returned to customary and religious law in most regions. A few autonomous regions, including the Somaliland, Puntland, and Galmudug administrations, emerged in the north. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations. The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004, which reestablished national institutions such as the military.〔〔 In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups such as Al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM allies for control of the region.〔 Due to the instability, violence, and protracted lack of a permanent central authority, Somalia also topped the Failed States Index (FSI) between 2008 and 2013. By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory that they had seized. In 2011–2012, a political process providing benchmarks for the establishment of permanent democratic institutions was launched. Within this administrative framework a new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/somalia/somali-leaders-adopt-draft-constitution-1.1039429 )〕 which reformed Somalia as a federation. Following the end of the TFG's interim mandate the same month, the Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war, was formed. By 2014, the nation had been dislodged atop the FSI, dropping to second place.〔 International stakeholders and analysts have also begun to describe Somalia as a "fragile state" that is making some progress towards stability.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-816_en.htm )〕 The nation has concurrently experienced a period of intense reconstruction, particularly in the capital, Mogadishu.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination? )〕 Through the years, Somalia has maintained an informal economy, mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications.〔 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Somalia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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