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}} Republic of Somaliland〔Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, ''Somalia'', (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.10.〕 |common_name = Somaliland |image_flag = Flag of Somaliland.svg |image_coat = Official Emblem of Somaliland.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Somaliland on the globe (de-facto) (Africa centered).svg |national_motto = ''Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasūlu-llāhi'' |national_anthem = |official_languages = |demonym = Somali;〔 Somalian〔Paul Dickson, ''Labels for locals: what to call people from Abilene to Zimbabwe'', (Merriam-Webster: 1997), p.175.〕 Somalilander |capital = Hargeisa |latd=9 |latm=33 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=03 |longEW=E |largest_city = Hargeisa |government_type = Presidential constitutional republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = Vice-President |leader_name2 = Abdirahman Saylici |leader_title3 = Speaker of the House |leader_name3 = Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi |legislature = Parliament |upper_house = House of Elders |lower_house = House of Representatives |sovereignty_type = Independence |sovereignty_note = from Somalia |established_event1 = Proclaimed |established_date1 = 18 May 1991 |established_event2 = Recognition |established_date2 = Unrecognized〔〔(The UK Prime Minister's Office Reply To The "Somaliland E-Petition" )〕 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 137600 |area_sq_mi = 53100〔(Somaliland Geography )〕 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 3,500,000〔 |population_estimate_year = 2008 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_sq_mi = 66 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $1.4 billion〔World Bank. ''(New World Bank GDP and Poverty Estimates for Somaliland )'' January 29, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2014.〕|GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $347 〔|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_category = |currency = Somaliland shillinga |currency_code = SLSH |iso3166code = SO |time_zone = EAT |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |cctld = .so |calling_code = +252 |date_format = d/m/yy (AD) |drives_on = right |footnotes = Rankings unavailable as Somaliland is unrecognised. }} Somaliland ((ソマリ語:''Somaliland''), (アラビア語:صوماليلاند) ' or ') is a self-declared state that is internationally unrecognized. Somaliland is known as an autonomous region of Somalia.〔 The government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to the former British Somaliland protectorate, which as the State of Somaliland united as scheduled on 1 July 1960 with the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic (Somalia).〔Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835〕 Somaliland lies in northwestern Somalia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is bordered by the autonomous Puntland region of Somalia to the east, Djibouti to the northwest, and Ethiopia to the south and west.〔(Analysis: Time for jaw-jaw, not war-war in Somaliland )〕 Its claimed territory has an area of , with approximately 3.5 million residents. The capital and the largest city is Hargeisa, with the population of around 750,000 residents.〔 In 1988, the Siad Barre regime launched a crackdown against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, which were among the events that led to the Somali Civil War.〔 The conflict left the country's economic and military infrastructure severely damaged. Following the collapse of Barre's government in early 1991, local authorities, led by the SNM, declared independence from Somalia on 18 May of the same year.〔 Since then, the territory has been governed by an administration that seeks self-determination as the Republic of Somaliland ((ソマリ語:''Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland''), (アラビア語:جمهورية صوماليلاند) ''Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd)''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher = Government of Somaliland )〕 The local government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa. Ethiopia also maintains a trade office in the region.〔(Trade office of The FDRE to Somaliland- Hargeysa ) 〕 However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence remains unrecognised by any country or international organisation.〔 It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories. ==History== (詳細はLaas Geel cave paintings, dating from before 3000 BC. The region is sometimes thought to be part of the Land of Punt. Islam was introduced to the northern Somali littoral early on from the Arabian peninsula, shortly after the hijra. Various Muslim Somali kingdoms were formed around this period in the area. Centuries later, in the 1500s, the Ottoman Empire occupied Berbera and environs. Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, subsequently established a foothold in the area between 1821 and 1841.〔E. H. M. Clifford, ("The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", ''Geographical Journal'' ), 87 (1936), p. 289〕 In 1888, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling Somali Sultans such as Mohamoud Ali Shire of the Warsangali Sultanate, the British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland.〔Hugh Chisholm (ed.), ''The encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information'', Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.〕 The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it as part of British India until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905, and afterwards by the Colonial Office. Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region. The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers."〔Samatar p. 31〕 The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in Aden through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior.〔Samatar, p. 32〕 Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop".〔Samatar, ''Unhappy masses and the challenge of political Islam in the Horn of Africa'', Somalia Online () retrieved 27 March 2010〕 Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond the coast,〔Samatar, ''The state and rural transformation in Northern Somalia''p. 42〕 and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of Italian Somaliland.〔Tristan McConnell, ''The Invisible Country'', Virginia Quarterly Review, 15 January 2009,() retrieved 27 March 2010 〕 On 1 July 1960, the protectorate and the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) united as planned to form the Somali Republic. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.〔Greystone Press Staff, ''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338〕 In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke would be assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somalian Army seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.〔Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.〕 The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 21 years. The moral authority of Barre's government gradually eroded, as many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm )〕 The bombardment was led by General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, Barre's son-in-law. Although the SNM at its inception had a unionist constitution, it eventually began to pursue independence, looking to secede from the rest of Somalia.〔(Somaliland's Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor )〕 Under the leadership of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, the local administration declared the northwestern Somali territories independent at a conference held in Burao between 27 April 1991 and 15 May 1991.〔(Somaliland Constitution )〕 Tuur then became the newly established Somaliland polity's first President, but subsequently renounced the separatist platform in 1994 and began instead to publicly seek and advocate reconciliation with the rest of Somalia under a power-sharing federal system of governance.〔 Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal was appointed as Tuur's successor in 1993 by the Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in Borama, which met for four months, leading to a gradual improvement in security, as well as a consolidation of the new territory.〔Lewis, ''A Modern History'', pp. 282–286〕 Egal was reappointed in 1997, and remained in power until his death on 3 May 2002. The vice president, Dahir Riyale Kahin, who was during the 1980s the highest-ranking National Security Service (NSS) officer in Berbera in Siad Barre's government, was sworn in as president shortly afterwards.〔Human Rights Watch (Organization), Chris Albin-Lackey, ''Hostages to peace: threats to human rights and democracy in Somaliland'', (Human Rights Watch: 2009), p.13.〕 In 2003, Kahin became the first elected president of Somaliland. The war in southern Somalia between Islamist insurgents on the one hand, and the Federal Government of Somalia and its African Union allies on the other, has for the most part not directly affected Somaliland, which, like neighboring Puntland, has remained relatively stable.〔(Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Somaliland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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