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Sonation is the sound produced by birds, using mechanisms other than the syrinx. The term ''sonate'' is described as the deliberate production of sounds, not from the throat, but rather from structures such as the bill, wings, tail, feet and body feathers, or by the use of tools. Examples are the tonal sound produced by the tail-feathers of the Anna's hummingbird ''Calypte anna'',〔(The Anna's hummingbird chirps with its tail: a new mechanism of sonation in birds )〕 the drumming of the tail-feathers of the African snipe and common snipe, bill-clattering by storks or the deliberate territorial tapping practised by woodpeckers and certain members of the parrot family, such as palm cockatoos which drum on hollow trees using broken-off sticks. The clapper lark's (''Mirafra apiata'') display flight includes a steep climb with wing rattling. Barn owls produce a clicking snap to show annoyance or fear. Bustards, floricans and korhaans of the Otididae include foot-stamping in their mating displays. 〔(Bustards, Floricans and Korhaans )〕 Studies have revealed at least four sonations employed by two manakin genera ''Manacus'' and ''Pipra'' - wing-against-wing claps carried out above the back, wing-against-body claps, wing-into-air flicks and wing-against-tail feathers.〔(High-speed video analysis of wing-snapping in two manakin clades (Pipridae: Aves - Bostwick & Prum) )〕 Video footage of male club-winged manakins, ''Machaeropterus deliciosus'', shows them producing sustained harmonics derived from vibrating secondary wing feathers. This mechanism is the avian equivalent of arthropod stridulation. 〔(Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers - Bostwick & Prum )〕 Adult male red-billed streamertail hummingbirds (''Trochilus polytmus'') have long tail streamers, but these do not produce their distinctive whirring flight sound. Evidence points to the wings instead - the whirring is synchronised with the wingbeats and video footage shows primary feather eight (P8) bending with each downstroke, creating a gap that produces the fluttering sound. 〔(Fluttering wing feathers produce the flight sounds of male streamertail hummingbirds - Christopher James Clark )〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sonation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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