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| date = 3–29 November 1847 | place = Switzerland | coordinates = | map_type = | latitude = | longitude = | map_size = | map_caption = | territory = | result = Confederate victory Dissolution of the ''Sonderbund'' Federal constitution of 1848 | status = | combatant1 = Swiss Confederation | combatant2 = ''Sonderbund'' (cantons of UR, SZ, NW, OW, LU, ZG, FR and VS) | combatant3 = | commander1 = Henri Dufour | commander2 = Johann-Ulrich von Salis-Soglio | commander3 = | strength1 = 99,000 | strength2 = 79,000 | strength3 = | casualties1 = 60 dead 386 wounded | casualties2 = 26 dead 114 wounded | casualties3 = | notes = }} The Sonderbund War ((ドイツ語:Sonderbundskrieg)) of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons (states). It ensued after seven Catholic cantons formed the ''Sonderbund'' ("separate alliance") in 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. The war concluded with the defeat of the Sonderbund. It resulted in the emergence of Switzerland as a federal state, concluding the period of political "restoration and regeneration" in Switzerland. The ''Sonderbund'' consisted of the cantons of Lucerne, Fribourg, Valais, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug, all predominantly Catholic and governed by Conservative administrations. The cantons of Ticino and Solothurn, also predominantly Catholic but governed by liberal administrations, did not join the alliance. After the ''Tagsatzung'' (Federal Diet) declared the Sonderbund unconstitutional and ordered it dissolved by force, General Guillaume-Henri Dufour led the federal army of 100,000 and defeated the Sonderbund under Johann-Ulrich von Salis-Soglio in a campaign that lasted only a few weeks, from November 3 to November 29, and claimed fewer than a hundred lives. He ordered his troops to care for the injured, anticipating the formation of the Red Cross in which he participated a few years later. Major actions were fought at Fribourg, Geltwil, Lunnern, Lucerne, and finally at Gisikon, Meierskappel, and Schüpfheim, after which Lucerne capitulated on 24 November. The rest of the Sonderbund surrendered without armed resistance in the subsequent weeks. == Background == The liberal Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (German: Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei, French: Parti radical-démocratique) which was mainly made up of urban bourgeoisie and burghers and was strong in the largely Protestant cantons obtained the majority in the Federal Diet (the Tagsatzung) in the early 1840s. It proposed a new Constitution for the Swiss Confederation which would draw the several cantons into a closer relationship. In 1843, the conservative city patricians and mountain or ''Ur-Swiss'' from the largely Catholic cantons were opposed to the new constitution. These cantons combined to form the Sonderbund in 1843. In addition to the centralization of the Swiss government, the new Constitution also included protections for trade and other progressive reform measures.〔Note 172 on page 687 of ''Marx & Engels Collected Works Vol. 6.'' (International Publishers: New York, 1976).〕 The Sonderbund alliance was concluded after the Federal Diet, with the approval of a majority of cantons, had taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841, and the seizure of their properties. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the Jesuits to head its education the same year, groups of armed radicals (''Freischärler'') invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism. The Sonderbund was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances, and the liberal majority in the Tagsatzung decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on October 21, 1847. The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund. The army was composed of soldiers of all the other cantons except Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden (which remained neutral). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sonderbund War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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