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Sonderdienst
''Sonderdienst'' ((ドイツ語:Special Services)) were the Nazi German paramilitary formations created in semicolonial General Government during the occupation of Poland in World War II. They were based on similar ''SS'' formations called ''Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz'' operating in the ''Warthegau'' district of German-annexed western part of Poland in 1939.
''Sonderdienst'' were founded on 6 May 1940 by ''Gauleiter'' Hans Frank who stationed in occupied Kraków.〔 Initially, they were made up of ethnic German ''Volksdeutsche'' who lived in Poland before the attack and joined the invading force thereafter. However, after the 1941 Operation ''Barbarossa'' they also included Soviet prisoners of war who volunteered for special training, such as the Trawniki men (German: ''Trawnikimänner'') deployed at all major killing sites of the "Final Solution". A lot of those men did not know German and required translation by their native commanders. The ''Abteilung Sonderdienst'' (Department of Special Services) was subordinate to ''Oberkommando der Wehrmacht'' sabotage division under Colonel Erwin von Lahousen (1 September 1939 – July 1943), and Colonel Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven (July 1943 – June 1944).
==Background==
The Republic of Poland was a multicultural country before World War II, with almost a third of its population originating from the minority groups: 13.9% Ukrainians; 10% Jews; 3.1% Belarusians; 2.3% Germans and 3.4% percent Czechs, Lithuanians and Russians. Members of the German minority resided predominantly in the lands of the former German Empire but not only. Many were hostile towards the existence of the Polish state after losing their colonial privileges at the end of World War One. German organizations in Poland such as ''Deutscher Volksverband'' and the ''Jungdeutsche Partei'' actively engaged in espionage for the ''Abwehr'', sabotage actions, weapons-smuggling and Nazi propaganda campaigns before the invasion. In late 1939 through spring of 1940 the German ''Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz'' took active part in the massacres of civilian Poles and Jews.〔( Piąta kolumna (The Fifth Column: Jungdeutsche Partei, Deutsche Vereinigung, Deutscher Volksbund, Deutscher Volksverbarid). ) Kampania Wrześniowa 1939.pl (2006).〕
In the summer of 1940, the ''Sonderdienst'' along with all ''Selbstschutz'' executioners were formally assigned to the head of the civil administration for the newly formed Gau.〔 Trained by the native Germans under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler's associate many of them joined ''Schutzstaffel'' or ''Gestapo'' in the following year.〔 The existence of ''Sonderdienst'' constituted a grave danger for the non-Jewish Poles who attempted to help ghettoised Jews in the cities, as in the Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto among others. Some 30,000 Christian Poles were murdered by the Nazis, under the charge of aiding Polish Jews.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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