|
Sudak ((ウクライナ語:Судак); (ロシア語:Судак); ; ) is a town of regional significance in Crimea, a territory recognized by most countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Sudak serves as the administrative center of Sudak Municipality, one of the regions Crimea is divided into. It is situated to the west of Feodosia (the nearest railway station) and to the east of Simferopol, the republic's capital. Population: A city of antiquity, today it is a popular resort, best known for its Genoese fortress, the best preserved on the northern shore of the Black Sea. ==History== It is believed that the city was founded in 212 CE by Alani settlers on the territory of the Bosporan Kingdom. Merchants from the Roman Empire founded Sougdaea, in Greek ''Σουγδαία'' (a reference to Sogdia) in the 3rd century. In the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a fortress. The Khazars attacked in the 7th century, giving it the name ''Suğdaq''. The Life of St. Stefan of Surozh ((ロシア語:св. Стефан Сурожского))〔The Old East Slavic name of the city was then ''Сурож'' (Surozh). There is a monastery bearing his name in the village of Qızıltaş: (ロシア語:Кизилташский монастырь святого Стефана Сурожского).〕 describes the 8th-century town as a dependency of the Byzantine Empire. Around the start of the 9th century, it was supposedly attacked by the Rus' chieftain, Bravlin. It is thought that the Khazars retained the town from the early 9th century until 1016, when the Byzantines finally defeated the Khazar warlord Georgeios Tsulo. Afterwards, the town seems to have preserved some sort of autonomy within the Byzantine Empire. From the 9th century until around the 12th century, there were important trade exchanges between the then Surozh and the Kievan Rus'. It became an important location for trading on the Silk Road in the 12th and 13th centuries, despite attacks by the Cumans-Kipchaks in the 11th century and further damages inflicted by the Tatars (in 1223, but also in 1239). The city was controlled by the Cumans-Kipchaks, as reported by Ibn al-Air, who said "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels..."〔H. B. Paksoy, (Central Asian Monuments ), p.31.〕 The Seljuk Anatolian Sultanate of Iconium army and fleet from Sinop held and fortified Sudak in 1224. The Venetians also came to Sudak at the beginning of the 13th century to take their share,〔Members of the Polo family and other Venetian merchants having resided in the town since the 12th century.〕 naming the fortress ''Soldaia'', before ceding it to Genoese control in 1365. The Ottomans took control of ''Soldaia'' and all other Genoese colonies, as well as the Principality of Theodoro in 1475. Although Sudak was the strategical center of the ''qadılıq'', the smallest administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire, the town lost much of its military and commercial importance, until the Crimean Khanate took over. In 1771, Sudak was occupied by Rumyantsev's army. In 1783, it definitively passed to the Russian Empire, with the rest of Crimea. Though sometimes contested, it seems that a mass emigration occurred as a result of the ensuing instability in that period. Even Potemkin ordered in 1778 the eviction of the Christian population from Crimea. The town rapidly turned into a small village, and according to the 1805 census, Sudak had just 33 inhabitants. In 1804, the first Russian school of viticulture was opened there. The present status of the town was acquired in 1982. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sudak」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|