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Spaghetti Western, also known as Italian Western or Macaroni Western (primarily in Japan), is a broad subgenre of Western films that emerged in the mid-1960s in the wake of Sergio Leone's film-making style and international box-office success. The term was used by American critics and other countries because most of these Westerns were produced and directed by Italians. According to veteran Spaghetti Western actor Aldo Sambrell, the phrase 'Spaghetti Western' was coined by Spanish journalist Alfonso Sánchez.〔Joyner, C. Courtney ''Aldo Sambrell Interview'' ''The Westerners: Interviews with Actors, Directors, Writers and Producers'' McFarland, 14 October 2009, p. 180〕 The denomination for these films in Italy is western all'italiana (Italian-Style Western). Italo-Western is also used, especially in Germany. The term ''Eurowesterns'' may be used to also include Western movies that were produced in Europe but not called Spaghetti Westerns, like the West German Winnetou films or Ostern Westerns. The majority of the films were international co-productions between Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, Germany, Yugoslavia, or the United States. These movies were originally released in Italian, but as most of the films featured multilingual casts and sound was post-synched, most "western all'italiana" do not have an official dominant language.〔Frayling (2006) pp. 68-70〕 The typical Spaghetti Western team was made up of an Italian director, Italo-Spanish〔Fridlund (2006) p.5〕 technical staff, and a cast of Italian, Spanish, German and American actors, sometimes a fading Hollywood star and sometimes a rising one like the young Clint Eastwood in three of Sergio Leone's films. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1980.〔Riling (2011) p. 334.〕 The best-known Spaghetti Westerns were directed by Sergio Leone and scored by Ennio Morricone: the ''Dollars Trilogy'': ''A Fistful of Dollars'' (1964), ''For a Few Dollars More'' (1965), and ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'' (1966). These are consistently listed among the best rated Westerns in general,〔(Top 100 Western Movies ) at Rotten Tomatoes〕 and the last is widely considered to be one of the greatest films of all time. Sergio Leone's ''A Fistful of Dollars'' established the Spaghetti Western as a novel kind of Western. In this seminal film the hero enters a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs and ordinary social relations are non-existent. He betrays and plays the gangs against one another in order to make money. Then he uses his cunning and exceptional weapons skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed and he is severely beaten, but in the end he defeats the remaining gang. The interaction in this story between cunning and irony (the tricks, deceits, unexpected actions and sarcasms of the hero) on the one hand, and pathos (terror and brutality against defenseless people and against the hero after his double play has been revealed) on the other, was aspired to and sometimes attained by the imitations that soon flooded the cinemas. Italian Cinema often borrowed from other films without regard for infringement and Leone famously borrowed the plot for ''Fistful'', receiving a letter from Japanese director Akira Kurosawa congratulating him on making "...a very fine film. But it is my film". Leone had wisely imitated one of the most highly respected directors in the world by remaking his film ''Yojimbo'' as ''Fistful'' and consequently surrendered Asian rights to Kurosawa, plus 15 percent of the international box office. Leone quickly moved on from borrowing and established his own oft imitated style and plots. Just as seminal and imitated was Ennio Morricone's music from ''Fistful'', that expresses a similar duality between quirky and unusual sounds and instruments on the one hand and sacral dramatizing for the big confrontation scenes, on the other. Use of pathos received a big boost with Sergio Corbucci's influential ''Django''. However, in the following years use of cunning and irony became more prominent. This was seen in Leone's next two Westerns, with their emphasis on unstable partnerships. In the last phase of the Spaghetti Western, with the Trinity films, the Leone legacy had been transformed almost beyond recognition, as terror and deadly violence gave way to harmless brawling and low comedy. Leone's films and other "core" Spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticised or even "demythologized" many of the conventions of traditional US Westerns. This was partly intentional and partly the context of a different cultural background.〔Frayling (2006) pp. 39–67〕 ==Filming locations== Most Spaghetti Westerns were made on low budgets, using inexpensive locales. Many of the stories take place in the semiarid landscapes of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, so a popular setting was the Tabernas Desert in the Province of Almería in southeastern Spain, at the studios of Texas Hollywood, Mini Hollywood, and Western Leone.〔(Dozens of 'Spaghetti' Westerns have been filmed at Mini Hollywood )〕 Other filming locations used were in central and southern Italy, such as the parks of Valle del Treja (between Rome and Viterbo), the area of Camposecco (next to Camerata Nuova, characterized by a karst topography), the hills around Castelluccio, the area around the Gran Sasso mountain, and the Tivoli's quarries and Sardinia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spaghetti Western」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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