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Spearhafoc
Spearhafoc, a name meaning "sparrowhawk" in Old English (Speraver in Latin), was an eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon artist and Benedictine monk, whose artistic talent was apparently the cause of his rapid elevation to Abbot of Abingdon in 1047–48 and Bishop-Elect of London in 1051.〔Dodwell:46〕 After his consecration as bishop was thwarted, he vanished with the gold and jewels he had been given to make into a crown for King Edward the Confessor, and was never seen again.〔Dodwell:46–47. As well as Goscelin and the monastic histories referenced below, Spearhafoc's career is covered in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.〕 He was also famous for a miracle, on which his end perhaps casts a different light.
==Clerical career==
Spearhafoc was a monk at Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, who according to several sources, including the Norman chronicler Goscelin, who knew him personally, "was outstanding in painting, gold-engraving and goldsmithery", the painting very likely mainly in illuminated manuscripts.〔Dodwell:46 and 55. Goscelin's description of Spearhafoc, including this quotation ("picturae, sculpturae et aurificii probatissimum" – the translation is Dodwell's), comes in his book on the translation of the relics of Saint Augustine of Canterbury.〕 It was probably his artistic work which brought into contact with the royal family and the Godwins.〔Dodwell:46 and 55, who quotes Goscelin, and Historia:ciii-cv for the other sources.〕〔Smith, et al. "Court and Piety" ''Catholic Historical Review'' p. 573〕 King Edward the Confessor imposed him as Abbot of Abingdon following the death of Æthelstan on 29 March of either 1047 or 1048.〔''Historia'':ciii-cv〕 In 1051 Edward promoted him to Bishop of London, but upon the return of the previous Bishop of London, Robert of Jumièges, newly elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury, from his trip to Rome to receive his pallium, Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, claiming that Pope Leo IX had forbidden it.〔''Historia'':ciii-cv, and Smith:573〕 After a stalemate "all that summer and autumn", with an unconsecrated Spearhafoc in possession of the see, the fall of Earl Godwin in September 1051, with whom Spearhafoc seems to been allied, precipitated matters. Spearhafoc was expelled from London, and fled abroad, taking with him the gold and gems intended for King Edward's crown, as well as treasure from the London diocesan stores, stuffed into "very many bags":... auri gemmarumque electarum pro corona imperiali cudenda, regis ejusdem assignatione receptam haberet copiam. Hinc et ex episcopii pecunia marsupiorum farsisset plurimum receptacula, clanculo Anglia secedens ultra non-apparuit.〔Dodwell:Note 26 on p. 257, quoting the ''Chronicon Abingdon''〕 The exact sequence and implied motivation of events differs between the sources,〔The fullest account used is in the Introduction to the ''Historia'':ciii-cv. See also Barlow 1970; Kelly 2000. Dodwell:47〕 but even the history of his own monastery concluded "God's vengeance brought such ends for those by whose trickery the Church was diminished for their own profit".〔Historia:civ〕 In the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' Spearhafoc's flight, placed in 1052, is related immediately after the description of Edward putting away his queen, which may imply a close relation between these events, or not.〔(Chronicle for 1052 )〕 A Norman kinsman of the king, Rodulf, had already replaced Spearhafoc in Abingdon, though he died in 1052.
Spearhafoc was replaced by William the Norman, and was the last Bishop of London of English ethnic origin for many years, probably until Roger Niger was appointed in 1228.
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