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Spermalege
The spermalege (also known as the organ of Berlese〔Siva-Jothy, M. T. (2006) "Trauma, disease and collateral damage: conflict in cimicids," ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,'' 361, 269–275.〕) is a special-purpose organ found in bed bugs that appears to have evolved to mitigate the effects of traumatic insemination. The spermalege has two embryologically distinct parts, known as the ectospermalege and mesospermalege.〔Reinhardt, K., Naylor, R. & Siva-Jothy, M. T. (2003) "Reducing a cost of traumatic insemination: female bedbugs evolve a unique organ," ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B,'' 270, 2371–2375.〕 The evolution of the spermalege as a female counter-adaptation for traumatic insemination was first proposed by Jacques Carayon in 1966.〔〔Carayon, J. (1966) Traumatic insemination and the paragenital system. In ''Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera—Heteroptera)'' (ed. R. L. Usinger), pp. 81–166. College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America.〕
==Structure==
The spermalege has two embryologically distinct parts, known as the ectospermalege and mesospermalege.〔
The ectospermalege is derived from the ectoderm.〔 It consists of a groove in the right-handed posterior margin of the fifth sclerite, overlying a pleural membrane.〔 In order to access the female's haemocoel during traumatic insemination, male bed bugs insert their needle-like penis〔Ryne, C. (2009) "Homosexual interactions in bed bugs: alarm pheromones as male recognition signals," ''Animal Behaviour'', 78, 1471–1475.〕 into the groove, and pierce the pleural membrane.〔 This piercing produces wounds that leave melanised scars.〔
The mesospermalege is derived from the mesoderm.〔 It is a membrane-bound sac attached to the wall of the haemocoel, directly beneath the groove of the ectospermalege.〔 In all bed bug species except ''Primicimex cavernis,'' sperm are injected into the mesospermalege.〔Reinhardt, K. & Siva-Jothy, M. T. (2007) "Biology of the bed bugs (Cimicidae)," ''Annual Review of Entomology,'' 52, 351–374.〕 The structure contains two main types of hemocyte, though their function is not yet fully understood.〔 The first of these is phagocytic and may absorb seminal fluid,〔 whereas the other may digest spermatozoa.〔
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