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Spes
In ancient Roman religion, Spes (pronounced (:ˈspeːs)) was the goddess of hope. Multiple temples to Spes are known, and inscriptions indicate that she received private devotion as well as state cult.〔J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.17.2 (1981), p. 837.〕
==Republican Hope==
During the Republic, a temple to "ancient Hope" ''(Spes vetus)'' was supposed to have been located near the Praenestine Gate.〔Frontinus, ''De aquaeductu'' 1.19; Arnaldo Momigliano, "Religion in Athens, Rome, and Jerusalem in the First Century B.C.," in ''On Pagans, Jews, and Christians'' (Wesleyan University Press, 1987), p. 75.〕 It was associated with events that occurred in the 5th century BC,〔Livy 2.51.2; Dionysius of Halicarnassus 9.24.4; Momigliano, "Religion in Athens, Rome, and Jerusalem," p. 75.〕 but its existence as anything except perhaps a private shrine has been doubted.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 848.〕
A well-documented temple of Spes was built by Aulus Atilius Calatinus〔Cicero, ''De legibus'' 2.28; Momigliano, "Religion in Athens, Rome, and Jerusalem," p. 75.〕 along with Fides, as the result of vows ''(vota)'' made to these goddesses during the First Punic War.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 835.〕
At Capua in 110 BC, a temple was built to the triad of Spes, Fides, and Fortuna.〔''Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae'' 3770; Momigliano, "Religion in Athens, Rome, and Jerusalem," p. 75.〕
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