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:"Lesser dung fly" redirects here. This can also refer to the distantly related fly species ''Sepsis fulgens.Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.==Description and ecology==For terms see Morphology of DipteraDung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first segment of posterior tarsi. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the 2nd basal and discal cells is missing.Veins 4 and 5 often fade apically.They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic ( having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles).The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge;The anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are, in some species, branchedThe larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance wherever there is decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry very many pathogenic microorganisms.Greenberg, B., 1971. ''Flies and Disease'', volume I: Ecology, Classification,and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey. Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance ''Leptocera caenosa'' and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.Fredeen, F. J. H. & Taylor, M. E. 1964. Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). ''Can. Ent.'' 96: 801- 808 Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene . One species, ''Poecilosomella angulata'', has been implicated in human intestinal myiasisMcKibben, J.W. and Micks, D.W. (1956). Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 5 (5): 929-32. They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses.Sphaeoceridae,often coexist with muscoiods especially ''Fannia canicularis'' and ''Musca domestica'' in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities.Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.Axtell, R. C. 1985. Poultry Pests. Chapter 16, p. 269-293, In: ''Livestock Entomology'' (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York. Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.
:"Lesser dung fly" redirects here. This can also refer to the distantly related fly species ''Sepsis fulgens.
Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.〔
Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.〔
==Description and ecology==
For terms see Morphology of Diptera
Dung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first segment of posterior tarsi. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the 2nd basal and discal cells is missing.Veins 4 and 5 often fade apically.They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.
Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic ( having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles).The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge;The anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are, in some species, branched
The larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance wherever there is decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.
As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry very many pathogenic microorganisms.〔Greenberg, B., 1971. ''Flies and Disease'', volume I: Ecology, Classification,and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New
Jersey.〕 Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance ''Leptocera caenosa'' and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.〔Fredeen, F. J. H. & Taylor, M. E. 1964. Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). ''Can. Ent.'' 96: 801- 808〕 Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene . One species, ''Poecilosomella angulata'', has been implicated in human intestinal myiasis〔McKibben, J.W. and Micks, D.W. (1956). Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 5 (5): 929-32.〕 They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses.Sphaeoceridae,often coexist with muscoiods especially ''Fannia canicularis'' and ''Musca domestica'' in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities.Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.〔Axtell, R. C. 1985. Poultry Pests. Chapter 16, p. 269-293, In: ''Livestock Entomology'' (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York.〕 Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.==Description and ecology==For terms see Morphology of DipteraDung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first segment of posterior tarsi. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the 2nd basal and discal cells is missing.Veins 4 and 5 often fade apically.They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic ( having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles).The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge;The anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are, in some species, branchedThe larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance wherever there is decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry very many pathogenic microorganisms.Greenberg, B., 1971. ''Flies and Disease'', volume I: Ecology, Classification,and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey. Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance ''Leptocera caenosa'' and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.Fredeen, F. J. H. & Taylor, M. E. 1964. Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). ''Can. Ent.'' 96: 801- 808 Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene . One species, ''Poecilosomella angulata'', has been implicated in human intestinal myiasisMcKibben, J.W. and Micks, D.W. (1956). Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 5 (5): 929-32. They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses.Sphaeoceridae,often coexist with muscoiods especially ''Fannia canicularis'' and ''Musca domestica'' in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities.Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.Axtell, R. C. 1985. Poultry Pests. Chapter 16, p. 269-293, In: ''Livestock Entomology'' (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York. Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.==Description and ecology==For terms see Morphology of DipteraDung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first segment of posterior tarsi. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the 2nd basal and discal cells is missing.Veins 4 and 5 often fade apically.They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic ( having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles).The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge;The anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are, in some species, branchedThe larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance wherever there is decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry very many pathogenic microorganisms.Greenberg, B., 1971. ''Flies and Disease'', volume I: Ecology, Classification,and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey. Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance ''Leptocera caenosa'' and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.Fredeen, F. J. H. & Taylor, M. E. 1964. Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). ''Can. Ent.'' 96: 801- 808 Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene . One species, ''Poecilosomella angulata'', has been implicated in human intestinal myiasisMcKibben, J.W. and Micks, D.W. (1956). Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 5 (5): 929-32. They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses.Sphaeoceridae,often coexist with muscoiods especially ''Fannia canicularis'' and ''Musca domestica'' in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities.Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.Axtell, R. C. 1985. Poultry Pests. Chapter 16, p. 269-293, In: ''Livestock Entomology'' (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York. Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.">ウィキペディアで「:"Lesser dung fly" redirects here. This can also refer to the distantly related fly species ''Sepsis fulgens.Sphaeroceridae are a family of true flies in the order Diptera, often called small dung flies, lesser dung flies or lesser corpse flies due to their saprophagous habits. They belong to the typical fly suborder Brachycera as can be seen by their short antennae, and more precisely they are members of the section Schizophora. There are over 1,300 species and about 125 genera accepted as valid today, but new taxa are still being described.Unlike the large "corpse flies" or blow-flies of the family Calliphoridae and the large dung flies of the family Scathophagidae, the small dung flies are members of the schizophoran subsection Acalyptratae. Among their superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, they seem to be particularly close relatives of the family Heleomyzidae.==Description and ecology==For terms see Morphology of DipteraDung flies are small to minute, usually dull-colored flies with characteristically thickened first segment of posterior tarsi. The first tarsal segment is less than 1+1/2 times as long as the second tarsal segment and dilated. The crossvein separating the 2nd basal and discal cells is missing.Veins 4 and 5 often fade apically.They occur all over the world except in regions with permanent ice-cover. Despite their ubiquity and abundance, little is known about their economic or ecological impact. Some species are known to be parthenogenetic.Larval stages are poorly known, but those described are slender, narrowed anteriorly, with groups of ventral spicules on creeping welts. The larva is amphipneustic ( having only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles).The mandibles are simple, hooked, and without additional teeth. The parastomal bars are long, thin structures, fused to the tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The hypopharyngeal sclerites are long separate or connected by a sclerotized bridge;The anterior spiracle (prothoracic spiracle) is a rosette or branched. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are usually on two cylindrical lobes. Each spiracle has three slit or oval openings and three or five groups of interspiracular hairs that are, in some species, branchedThe larvae are microbial grazers found in abundance wherever there is decomposing organic material. Most species appear to be associated with decaying plants or fungi and they are a part of the nutrient cycle. Some species, especially cave species, are polysaprophagous. Many species are associated with various kinds of faeces including human faeces; there are a few carrion-feeding species. These, however, are extremely abundant and are important components of the carrion-insect community. Sphaerocerids that abound in economically important decomposer communities such as compost and manure, and some decay cycles such as the wrack (seaweed) cycle are mediated by sphaerocerid-dominated insect communities.As their microbe-associated habits suggest, sphaerocerids may carry very many pathogenic microorganisms.Greenberg, B., 1971. ''Flies and Disease'', volume I: Ecology, Classification,and Biotic Association. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey. Although their reclusive habits preclude a major role in disease transmission; some can present a public health hazard on occasion or act as a warning of one. For instance ''Leptocera caenosa'' and other sphaerocerids are associated with blocked sewage drains.Fredeen, F. J. H. & Taylor, M. E. 1964. Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera(Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). ''Can. Ent.'' 96: 801- 808 Some species occasionally reach high population levels in food-processing plants and other buildings where they may indicate blocked drains, waste accumulation and inadequate hygiene . One species, ''Poecilosomella angulata'', has been implicated in human intestinal myiasisMcKibben, J.W. and Micks, D.W. (1956). Report of a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Leptocera venalicia. ''American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'' 5 (5): 929-32. They have been implicated as the major means by which nematodes are disseminated among mushroom houses.Sphaeoceridae,often coexist with muscoiods especially ''Fannia canicularis'' and ''Musca domestica'' in the complex manure ecosystem of poultry houses, and other confined-animal facilities.Here the sphaeocerids are prey for mites and beetles, which themselves also feed on the immatures of muscoid flies reducing the population of the more problematic muscoids.Axtell, R. C. 1985. Poultry Pests. Chapter 16, p. 269-293, In: ''Livestock Entomology'' (Williams et al., editors), Wiley & Sons, New York. Carrion-feeding species are useful post mortem interval indicators in forensic entomology.」の詳細全文を読む
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