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''Shruti'' (Sanskrit, IAST: ') means "that which is heard" and refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient religious texts comprising the central canon of Hinduism.〔 It includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts - the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas and the early Upanishads.〔Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-1867-6, pages 2-3〕 Shrutis have been considered revealed knowledge, variously described as of divine origin,〔Müller, Max. 1865. pp. 17–18〕 or nonhuman primordial origins.〔James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shruti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 9780823931798, page 645〕 In Hindu tradition, they have been referred to as ''apauruṣeya'' (authorless).〔P Bilimoria (1998), ‘The Idea of Authorless Revelation’, in Indian Philosophy of Religion (Editor: Roy Perrett), ISBN 978-94-010-7609-8, Springer Netherlands, pages 3, 143-166〕 All six orthodox schools of Hinduism accept the authority of śruti,〔Klaus Klostermaier (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, ISBN 978-1851685387, Chapter 2, page 26〕 but many scholars in these schools denied that the shrutis are divine.〔〔P Bilimoria (1990), Hindu Doubts About God - Towards a Mīmāmsā Deconstruction, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 4, pages 481-499〕 Nāstika (heterodox) philosophies such as the Cārvākas did not accept the authority of the shrutis and considered them to be flawed human works.〔〔 Shruti differs from other sources of Hindu philosophy, particularly smṛti “which is remembered” or textual material. These works span much of the history of Hinduism, beginning with the earliest known texts and ending in the early historical period with the later Upanishads.〔Flood, Gavin. pp. 39.〕 Of the śrutis, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishadic śrutis are at the spiritual core of Hindus.〔Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226618470, pages 2-3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."〕〔Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195352429, page 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth (), in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu.〕 ==Etymology== The Sanskrit word śruti (श्रुति) has multiple meanings depending on context. It means "hearing, listening", a call to "listen to a speech", any form of communication that is aggregate of sounds (news, report, rumor, noise, hearsay).〔 The word is also found in ancient geometry texts of India, where it means "the diagonal of a tetragon or hypotenuse of a triangle",〔 and is a synonym of ''karna''.〔TA Amma (1999), Geometry in Ancient and Medieval India, ISBN 978-8120813441, page 261〕 The word śruti is also found in ancient Indian music literature, where it means "a particular division of the octave, a quarter tone or interval" out of twenty-two enumerated major tones, minor tones, and semitones.〔(zruti ) Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany〕 In music, it refers the smallest measure of sound a human being can detect, and the set of twenty-two śruti and forty four ''half Shruti'', stretching from about 250 Hz to 500 Hz, is called the ''Shruti octave''.〔Miloš Zatkalik, Milena Medić and Denis Collins (2013), Histories and Narratives of Music Analysis, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1443850285, page 509〕 In scholarly works on Hinduism, śruti refers to ancient Vedic texts from India. Monier-Williams〔 traces the contextual history of this meaning of śruti as, "which has been heard or communicated from the beginning, sacred knowledge that was only heard and verbally transmitted from generation to generation, the Veda, from earliest Rishis (sages) in Vedic tradition.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Śruti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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