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Surveillance
Surveillance ( or )〔OED〕 is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting them.〔Lyon, David. 2007. Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge: Polity Press.〕 This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment (such as CCTV cameras), or interception of electronically transmitted information (such as Internet traffic or phone calls); and it can include simple, relatively no- or low-technology methods such as human intelligence agents and postal interception. The word ''surveillance'' comes from a French phrase for "watching over" ("sur" means "from above" and "veiller" means "to watch"), and is in contrast to more recent developments such as sousveillance.〔Minsky M, Kurzweil R, Mann S (2013). "The Society of Intelligent Veillance", Proceedings of the IEEE ISTAS 2013, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp13-17.()〕〔Clarke, R. (1988). Information technology and dataveillance. Communications of the ACM, 31(5), 498-512.〕〔Michael, K., Roussos, G., Huang, G. Q., Gadh, R., Chattopadhyay, A., Prabhu, S., & Chu, P. (2010). Planetary-scale RFID services in an age of uberveillance. Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(9), 1663-1671.()〕
Surveillance is used by governments for intelligence gathering, the prevention of crime, the protection of a process, person, group or object, or for the investigation of crime. It is also used by criminal organizations to plan and commit crimes such as robbery and kidnapping, by businesses to gather intelligence, and by private investigators.
Surveillance is often a violation of privacy, and is opposed by various civil liberties groups and activists.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oppose video surveillance in our nation's capital )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Stop watching us - A rally against mass surveillance )〕 Liberal democracies have laws which restrict domestic government and private use of surveillance, usually limiting it to circumstances where public safety is at risk. Authoritarian government seldom have any domestic restrictions; and international espionage is common among all types of countries.
==Types==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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