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The ''Standschützen'' (singular: ''Standschütze''〔 The German noun ''Standschütze'' is a so-called nominal composition, composed of the nouns ''Stand-'' (en = social position, standing, status) and ''-Schütze'' (en = rifle man). In the Imperial-Royal Austria (e.g. Vorarlberg and Tirol) it refereed to members of the ''Schützenstand'' (en = rifle guild) or a ''Schützenverein'' (en = shooting club). ''Standschützen'' were skilled in precision shooting and often volunteered for deployments in a k.k. Standschützen units. 〕) were originally rifle guilds and rifle companies that had been formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, and were involved time and again in military operations within the borders of the Austrian County of Tyrol. A ''Standschütze'' was a member of a ''Schützenstand'' ("shooting club"), into which he was enrolled,〔''enrolliert'' is the Austrian military jargon for "enrolled" (from the Old French ''enroller'').〕 which automatically committed him to the voluntary, military protection of the state of Tyrol (and Vorarlberg). In effect they were a type of Tyrolean local militia or home guard. Even though the regular army was already stationed in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg, voluntary ''Standschützen'' were often called up, for example in the War of the First Coalition of 1796–1797, the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The highlights of their military involvement, however, were undoubtedly their struggle for freedom under Andreas Hofer against their Bavarian and French occupiers, culminating in the Battles of Bergisel, and their mobilization during the First World War. The origins of the ''Standschützen'' are found in the ''Landlibell'', a deed issued by Emperor Maximilian I dating to 1511, and a decree by Archduchess Claudia de' Medici of 1632, in which each Tyrolean judicial district had an obligation to provide volunteers, capable of acting as fighting men, the number to be determined in each case depending on the threat, in order to form of a ''Landwehr'' for the defence of the state. == Development == In the late 19th century, the hitherto independent militia rifle companies were placed under command of the military and sponsored and supported as sources of manpower that could be utilized for the territorial defence of the state. The now officially titled ''Standschützen'' were given the opportunity to practise shooting under better conditions than before in order to be prepared to defend their homeland in a crisis. The National Defence Act of 1887 specified that organizations formed for territorial defence were henceforth to be regarded as part of the armed forces, and were to be divided into the ''Standschützen'', supplemented by new firing ranges, and the ''Landsturm''. With the enactment of regulations (§ 17) in the National Defence Act for Tyrol and Vorarlberg on 25 May 1913〔. (online at ALO).〕 and the law relating to firing range regulations (same date), the ''Schießstände'' (literally "firing ranges" but referring to the shooting clubs with their enrolled members) and all other entities of a military character (veterans and military societies) became liable for ''Landsturm'' service. From this point on, every registered ''Standschütze'' was committed to ''Landsturm'' duty; he was no longer regarded as a volunteer. Only those ''Standschützen'' enlisting after mobilization retained the title of "volunteer". Discharge from the militia was prevented by law from August 1914. From that date, the ''Standschützen'' were regarded as regular troops by the Hague Convention.〔Ludwig Wiedemayr: ''Weltkriegschauplatz Osttirol. Die Gemeinden an der Karnischen Front im östlichen Pustertal.'' Nearchos, Archäologisch-militärhistorische Forschungen, Vol. 2. Osttiroler Bote Medienunternehmen, Lienz, 2007, ISBN 978-3-900773-80-9.〕 They could only be deployed in their own country and used to defend the country's borders. However, this stipulation was not observed in the last years of the war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Standschützen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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