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Stanniocalcin
Stanniocalcin (originally named hypocalcin or teleocalcin or parathyrin) is a family of hormones which regulate calcium and phosphate balance in the body. The first stanniocanlcin discovered was from fish and was identified as the principal calcium reducing (hypocalcaemic) factor. It was isolated from the special organ of fish called corpuscles of Stannius, hence, the name stanniocalcin. Chemically stanniocalcins are glycosylated proteins (i.e. proteins containing carbohydrate, or glycoproteins) having a molecular mass of 50 kDa. They exist in molecular pairs (homodimers) and are joined together by disulfide linkage. They are made up of about 250 amino acids.
==Discovery==
In 1839 a German anatomist Hermann Friedrich Stannius discovered a pair of novel structures inside the kidney of sturgeon and bony fishes. He believed that they were a kind of adrenal gland (found in mammals) in these fishes. In 1896 a French physiologist A. Petit demonstrated that when he removed one of the structures, the other got degenerated. He suggested that these structures were endocrine organs. An Italian zoologist Ercole Giacomini was the first to describe in 1908 that these structures were present only in fishes which lack parathyroid. He distinguished and named them "posterior interrenal" from the anterior portion of the kidney, which he named "anterior interrenal". A French Physiologist M. Fontaine reported that the corpuscles were responsible for controlling calcium level in the blood. In 1971 Peter K.T. Pang of Yale University showed in the male killifish, ''Fundulus heteroclitus'', that the corpuscles control calcium metabolism. He found that removal of the corpuscle led to development of kidney stone and increase in serum calcium level. By the mid 1970s, it was confirmed that the corpuscles secrete a factor that can reduce calcium level, similar to calcitonin but completely different. and Pang gave the prospective name "hypocalcin". The chemical compound was isolated in 1986 from sockeye salmon (''Oncorhynchus nerka''), and since it was from a teleost, it was called "teleocalcin".〔 A better isolation was reported in 1988 from different species, including European eel, tilapia, goldfish, and carp. It was realised that both hypocalcin and teleocalcin are the same.〔 It was conclusively shown that the isolated compound was the factor that reduces calcium level in these fishes. In 1990, the exact chemical composition and biosynthesis war worked out, and was given the name "stanniocalcin" as it was found to be exclusively produced by the corpuscles of Stannius. The complete amino acid sequence was described in 1995.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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