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Stans ((:ʃtans)) is the capital of the canton of Nidwalden (Nidwald) in Switzerland. The official language of Stans is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. ==History== Stans is one of the oldest settlements in the entire Nidwalden valley. The first traces of human settlement date to the 2nd Century BC.〔(Stans Online-History ) accessed 21 May 2009〕 During the Roman era there is little evidence of a settlement except for some Gallo-Roman ''Ustrinum'' or funeral pyres and the Latin root (''stagnum'' meaning a pool or sump) of the name Stans.〔 During the 7th or 8th Century the Alamanni settled in the region. The christian Alamanni built the first church in Stans around 750 AD. This pre-Carolingian church served as the parish church for the entire Engelberg Valley. The church was expanded numerous times until it was finally replaced in 1647 by the new church of St. Peter and Paul.〔 Stans was first mentioned in 1124.〔 〕 By 1291, when Unterwalden joined Uri and Schwyz in what became the Swiss Confederation, Stans was already the capital of the section known as ''Unterwalden nid dem Kernwald'' which would become the half canton of Nidwalden. In 1386, during the Battle of Sempach, a soldier from Stans, Arnold von Winkelried, is claimed to have thrown himself on the pikes of the Habsburg army which led the Swiss to victory. However it is doubtful whether he existed or died in the battle as the first mention of his selfless act appears over 150 years after the battle and a man who may have been Arnold was party to a lawsuit in 1389. Regardless, the legend is firmly in place in Stans, with a monument and his house located in the town. Following the Swiss victories in the Burgundian Wars the Old Swiss Confederation was nearly torn apart by internal conflict when the city cantons insisted on having the lion's share of the proceeds since they had supplied the most troops. The country cantons resented this and the ''Tagsatzung'' or leadership of each of the cantons met in Stans in 1481 to resolve the issues. However, they were unable to resolve the issues and war seemed inevitable. A local hermit, Niklaus von der Flüe, was consulted on the situation. He requested that a message be passed on to the members of the ''Tagsatzung'' on his behalf. The details of the message have remained unknown to this day, however it did calm the tempers and led to the drawing up of the ''Stanser Verkommnis''. As part of the ''Verkommnis'' Fribourg and Solothurn were admitted into the confederation. During the Middle Ages, Stans was protected with seven towers. However, the town never built a wall to connect the towers and encircle it.〔 In 1713 two-thirds of the town was destroyed in a fire. Following the fire, new regulations kept the village square (''Dorfplatz'') open and clear of construction. The large, open square surrounded by baroque houses and the town council house (''Rathaus'') owe their appearance to the fire and subsequent reconstruction. In 1798 Stans was stormed by French troops, following the decision of Nidwalden not to adopt the constitution of the Helvetic Republic. Children orphaned by this event were gathered by the educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. He converted the Convent of St. Klara (built in 1621-1625) into a school for the children.〔 However, he only had the school until the following year when the French Army needed the building and the orphan's school came to a sudden end. In 1814, following the collapse of the Napoleonic Act of Mediation, Nidwalden attempted to return to the ''Ancien Regime'' government, with subject lands belonging to the canton. Stans and the rest of Nidwalden only gave up their subject lands when Federal troops marched into the city. Stans and the rest of Nidwalden joined the Sonderbund in 1845 and were involved in the 1847 Sonderbund War. In the 20th Century, modern technology and transportation changed Stans. In 1893 Stans was connected to the rail network of Lucerne by steam ferry. In 1964 the Lucerne-Stans-Engelberg rail way was opened and in 1966 the A2 motorway (which is Switzerland's main north-south axis from Basel to Chiasso) was constructed. The open-air assembly (''Landsgemeinde'') was held in Stans annually until its abolition in 1997. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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