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The ''stavraton'' or ''stauraton'' ((ギリシア語:σταυράτον)) was a type of silver coin used during the last century of the Byzantine Empire. ==History== The name ''stavraton'' first appears in the mid-11th century for a gold ''histamenon'' showing the Byzantine emperor holding a cross-shaped scepter, but in its more specific sense, it denotes the large silver coins introduced by Emperor John V Palaiologos (r. 1341–1376, 1379–1391) in circa 1367 and used for the last century of Byzantine history.〔.〕〔For an examination of the chronology of the ''stavraton'' and its introduction, see .〕 The late Byzantine coin was probably named after the cross (Greek: σταυρός, ''stavros''/''stauros'') that featured in its presumed model, the double ''gigliato'' of Naples and the Provence; alternatively, the name may have derived from the small crosses at the beginning of the coins' inscriptions, an unusual feature for Byzantine currency, although these are not very conspicuous.〔〔.〕〔.〕 The coin was designed to replace the defunct gold ''hyperpyron'' as the highest-denomination coin in circulation. Hence it was made heavier than any previous Byzantine silver coin, or, for that matter, any contemporary European coin, weighing initially 8.5 grams but falling later to 7.4 grams. It still had only half the value of the ''hyperpyron'' however, which remained in use as a notional currency.〔〔.〕〔.〕 The ''stavraton'' was complemented by fractions of 1⁄2 and 1⁄8, both in silver. The half-''stavraton'' initially weighed 4.4 grams and gradually declined to 3.7; the one-eighth, known as the ''doukatopoulon'' (Greek: δουκατόπουλον, "little ducat", ''duchatelo'' in Italian sources) or ''aspron'' () weighed circa 1.1 grams. Quarter-''stavrata'' were not minted, and the silver Venetian ducats (Greek: δουκάτον, ''doukaton'') were used instead.〔〔; .〕 All these coins featured a bust of Christ on the obverse and an imperial bust on the reverse.〔 The inscriptions are fairly uniform, with the reverse featuring an inner and an outer inscription: "+(name ) ΔΕCΠΟΤΙC Ο ΠΑΛΕΟΛΟΓΟC / Θ()V ΧΑΡΙΤΙ ΒΑCΙΛΕVC ΡWΜΑΙWN", i.e. "Lord (''despotes'') (name ) the Palaiologos / by God's Grace, Emperor (''Basileus'') of the Romans". In the ''stavrata'' of John V's reign, the inscriptions were in reverse order, and under Manuel II, the inner inscription used the term ''Autokrator'' instead: "Θ()V ΧΑΡΙΤΙ AVTOKΡΑΤOΡ".〔.〕 Until 1990, when a hoard of ninety coins appeared, and with the exception of two half-''stavrata'', no silver coins of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI (r. 1449–1453), were known to have survived.〔; .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stavraton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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