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A strikebreaker (sometimes derogatorily called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the trade union dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (union members or not) who cross picket lines to work. Strikebreakers are employed worldwide, often occurring wherever workers go on strike or engage in related actions. However, strikebreakers are used far more frequently in the United States than in any other industrialized country.〔Norwood, ''Strikebreaking and Intimidation,'' 2002.〕 The Mohawk Valley formula calls for the use of strikebreakers when dealing with striking employees. ==International law== The right to strike is not expressly mentioned in any convention of the International Labor Organization (ILO);〔 however, the ILO's Freedom of Association Committee established principles on the right to strike through ongoing rulings.〔(ILO principles concerning the right to strike ) 2000 ISBN 92-2-111627-1〕 Among human rights treaties, only the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contains a clause protecting the right to strike. However, like the Social Charter of 1961, the Covenant permits each signatory country to abridge the right to strike.〔International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 8 (4).〕 The ILO Committee on Freedom of Association and other ILO bodies have, however, interpreted all core ILO conventions as protecting the right to strike as an essential element of the freedom of association. For example, the ILO has ruled that "the right to strike is an intrinsic corollary of the right of association protected by Convention No. 87."〔International Labor Organization, ''Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: General Survey of the Reports...'' 1994.〕 The ILO has also concluded striker replacement, while not in contravention of ILO agreements, carries with it significant risks for abuse and places trade union freedoms "in grave jeopardy."〔〔Committee on Freedom of Association, ''Digest of Decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association,'' 2006.〕 The European Social Charter of 1961 was the first international agreement to expressly protect the right to strike.〔Human Rights Watch, ''Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States Under International Human Rights Standards,'' 2000.〕 However, the European Union's Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers permits EU member states to regulate the right to strike.〔Maastricht Treaty on European Union, Protocol and Agreement on Social Policy, February 7, 1992, 31 LL.M. 247, paragraph 13 under "Freedom of association and collective bargaining."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Strikebreaker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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