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Struthiosaurus
''Struthiosaurus'' (Latin ''struthio'' = ostrich + Greek ''sauros'' = lizard) is one of the smallest known and most basal genera of nodosaurid dinosaurs, from the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Austria, Romania and France in Europe.〔(''Struthiosaurus'' in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia ) at Dino Russ's Lair〕 It was protected by body armour. Although estimates of its length vary, it may have been as small as long.
==Taxonomy and valid species==
Originally described in 1871 by Emanuel Bunzel,〔Bunzel, E. 1871. Die Reptilfauna der Gosaformation in der Neuen Welt bei Wiener-Neustadt. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. Wien 5:1-18〕 after remains uncovered by Eduard Suess and Ferdinand Stoliczka in 1855 from the ''Gute Hoffnung'' coal mine at Muthmannsdorf near Wiener Neustadt in Austria. Many species have been referred to ''Struthiosaurus'', most based on very fragmentary and nondiagnostic material. Three valid species are recognized by paleontologists: ''S. austriacus'' Bunzel, 1871, based on holotype PIWU 2349/6; ''S. transylvanicus'' Nopcsa, 1915, based on BMNH R4966, a skull and partial skeleton from Romania;〔F. Nopcsa, 1915, "Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns", ''Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Königlich-Ungarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt'' 23: 1-24〕 and ''S. languedocensis'' Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003, based on UM2 OLV-D50 A–G CV, a partial skeleton found in 1998 in France.〔G. Garcia and X. Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003, "A new species of ''Struthiosaurus'' (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Villeveyrac (southern France)", ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 23(1): 156-165〕 It is the namesake of the nodosaurid subfamily Struthiosaurinae, members of which are found only in Europe.〔Kirkland, J. I.; Alcalá, L.; Loewen, M. A.; Espílez, E.; Mampel, L.; Wiersma, J. P. (2013). Butler, Richard J, ed. "The Basal Nodosaurid Ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. From the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain". PLoS ONE 8 (12): e80405.〕
A number of invalid taxa have been shown to be junior synonyms of ''Struthiosaurus austriacus'', most of them created when Harry Govier Seeley in 1881 revised the Austrian material.〔H.G. Seeley, 1881, "The reptile fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna", ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London'' 37(148): 620-707〕 They include: ''Danubiosaurus anceps'' Bunzel, 1871; ''Crataeomus pawlowitschii'' Seeley, 1881; ''Crataeomus lepidophorus'' Seeley 1881; ''Pleuropeltis suessii'' Seeley, 1881; ''Rhadinosaurus alcimus'' Seeley 1881, ''Hoplosaurus ischyrus'' Seeley 1881 and ''Leipsanosaurus noricus'' Nopcsa, 1918.〔F. Nopcsa, 1918, "''Leipsanosaurus'' n. gen. ein neuer thyreophore aus der Gosau", ''Földtani Közlöny'' 48: 324-328〕 Another European ankylosaurid, ''Rhodanosaurus ludguensis'' Nopsca, 1929, from Campanian-Maastrichtian-age rocks of southern France, is now regarded as a ''nomen dubium'' and referred to Nodosauridae ''incertae sedis''.〔Pereda-Suberbiola, X., and Galton, P. M., 2001. Reappraisal of the nodosaurid ankylosaur ''Struthiosaurus austriacus'' Bunzel, 1871 from the Upper Cretaceous Gosau Beds of Austria. pp. 173-210 In: Carpenter, K., (ed.) ''The Armored Dinosaurs''. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526〕
The three valid species of ''Struthiosaurus'' differ from one another in that ''S. austriacus'' is smaller than ''S. transylvanicus'' and possesses less elongate cervical vertebrae. Also, though the quadrate-paroccipital process contact is fused in ''S. transylvanicus'', it is unfused in ''S. austriacus''. The skull of ''S. languedocensis'' is unknown, but the taxon differs from ''S. transylvanicus'' in the flatter shape of the dorsal vertebrae. It differs from ''S. austriacus'' in the shape of the ischium. (Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004)
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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