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Stuart McPhail Hall, FBA (3 February 1932 – 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist who lived and worked in the United Kingdom from 1951. Hall, along with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of the school of thought that is now known as British Cultural Studies or The Birmingham School of Cultural Studies.〔Procter, James (2004), ''Stuart Hall'', Routledge Critical Thinkers.〕 He was President of the British Sociological Association 1995–97. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential ''New Left Review''. At the invitation of Hoggart, Hall joined the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham University in 1964. Hall took over from Hoggart as director of the Centre in 1968, and remained there until 1979. While at the Centre, Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists.〔Schulman, Norman. "Conditions of their Own Making: An Intellectual History of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham." (''Canadian Journal of Communication'', Vol. 18, No. 1 (1993). )〕 Hall left the centre in 1979 to become a professor of sociology at the Open University.〔Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with Stuart Hall," collected in David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds), ''Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies'', New York: Routledge, 1996.〕 Hall retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a Professor Emeritus.〔"Stuart Hall: Culture and Power," Interview, (''Radical Philosophy'', November/December 1998. )〕 British newspaper ''The Observer'' called him "one of the country's leading cultural theorists". He was married to Catherine Hall, a feminist professor of modern British history at University College London. ==Biography== Hall was born in Kingston, Jamaica, into a middle-class Jamaican family of African, British and likely Indian descent.〔 In Jamaica he attended Jamaica College, receiving an education modelled after the British school system.〔Grant Farred, ("You Can Go Home Again, You Just Can't Stay: Stuart Hall and the Caribbean Diaspora" ), ''Research in African Literatures'', 27.4 (Winter 1996), 28–48 (p. 30).〕 In an interview Hall describes himself as a "bright, promising scholar" in these years and his formal education as "a very 'classical' education; very good but in very formal academic terms." With the help of sympathetic teachers, he expanded his education to include "T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Freud, Marx, Lenin and some of the surrounding literature and modern poetry," as well as "Caribbean literature."〔Kuan-Hsing, 1996, pp. 486–487.〕 Hall's later works reveal that growing up in the pigmentocracy of the colonial West Indies, where he was of darker skin than much of his family, had a profound effect on his views of the world.〔(Farred ) 1996, pp. 33–34.〕〔Tanya Lewis, ("Stuart Hall and the Formation of British Cultural Studies: A Diasporic Perspective" ), ''Imperium'', 4 (2004).〕 In 1951 Hall won a Rhodes Scholarship to Merton College at the University of Oxford, where he studied English and obtained an M.A.,〔(Caryl Phillips, "Stuart Hall" ), ''BOMB'', 58 (Winter 1997).〕 becoming part of the Windrush generation, the first large-scale immigration of West Indians, as that community was then known. He continued his studies at Oxford by beginning a Ph.D. on Henry James but, galvanised particularly by the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary (which saw many thousands of members leave the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and look for alternatives to previous orthodoxies) and Suez Crisis, abandoned this in 1957〔 or 1958〔 to focus on his political work. In 1957, he joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and it was on a CND march that he met his future wife.〔Marcus Williamson, ("Professor Stuart Hall: Sociologist and pioneer in the field of cultural studies whose work explored the concept of Britishness" (obituary) ), ''The Independent'' (London), 11 February 2014.〕 From 1958 to 1960, Hall worked as a teacher in a London secondary modern school〔(Farred ) 1996, p. 38.〕 and in adult education, and in 1964 married Catherine Hall, concluding around this time that he was unlikely to return permanently to the Caribbean.〔 After working on the ''Universities and Left Review'' during his time at Oxford, Hall joined E. P. Thompson, Raymond Williams and others to merge it with ''The New Reasoner'', launching the ''New Left Review'' in 1960 with Hall named as the founding editor.〔 In 1958, the same group, with Raphael Samuel, launched the Partisan Coffee House in Soho as a meeting-place for left-wingers.〔(Bishopsgate Institute Podcast: The Partisan Coffee House: Cultural Politics and the New Left ). Mike Berlin, 11 June 2009.〕 Hall left the board of the ''New Left Review'' in 1961〔Jonathan Derbyshire, "Stuart Hall: 'We need to talk about Englishness'", (''New Statesman'', 23 August 2012. )〕 or 1962.〔 Hall's academic career took off after co-writing ''The Popular Arts'' with Paddy Whannel in 1964. As a direct result, Richard Hoggart invited Hall to join the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, initially as a research fellow and initially at Hoggart's own expense.〔 In 1968 Hall became director of the Centre. He wrote a number of influential articles in the years that followed, including ''Situating Marx: Evaluations and Departures'' (1972) and ''Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse'' (1973). He also contributed to the book ''Policing the Crisis'' (1978) and coedited the influential ''Resistance Through Rituals'' (1975). After his appointment as a professor of sociology at the Open University in 1979, Hall published further influential books, including ''The Hard Road to Renewal'' (1988), ''Formations of Modernity'' (1992), ''Questions of Cultural Identity'' (1996) and ''Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices'' (1997). Through the 1970s and 1980s, Hall was closely associated with the journal ''Marxism Today'';〔Alex Callinicos, "The politics of ''Marxism Today''", ''International Socialism'', 29 (1985).〕 in 1995, he was a founding editor of ''Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture''. Hall retired from the Open University in 1997. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 2005 and received the European Cultural Foundation's Princess Margriet Award in 2008. He died on 10 February 2014, from complications following kidney failure a week after his 82nd birthday. By the time of his death, he was widely known as the "godfather of multiculturalism".〔David Morley and Bill Schwarz, ("Stuart Hall obituary: Influential cultural theorist, campaigner and founding editor of the New Left Review" ), ''The Guardian'' (London), 10 February 2014.〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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