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Student's t-test
A ''t''-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's ''t''-distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It can be used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other, and is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistic (under certain conditions) follows a Student's ''t'' distribution.
==History==
The ''t''-statistic was introduced in 1908 by William Sealy Gosset, a chemist working for the Guinness brewery in Dublin, Ireland ("Student" was his pen name).〔http://www.aliquote.org/cours/2012_biomed/biblio/Student1908.pdf〕 Gosset had been hired due to Claude Guinness's policy of recruiting the best graduates from Oxford and Cambridge to apply biochemistry and statistics to Guinness's industrial processes.〔 Gosset devised the ''t''-test as a cheap way to monitor the quality of stout. The Student's ''t''-test work was submitted to and accepted in the journal ''Biometrika'' and published in 1908. Company policy at Guinness forbade its chemists from publishing their findings, so Gosset published his statistical work under the pseudonym "''Student''" (see ''Students t-distribution for a detailed history of this pseudonym, which is not to be confused with the literal term, ''student''). Guinness had a policy of allowing technical staff leave for study (so-called "study leave"), which Gosset used during the first two terms of the 1906–1907 academic year in Professor Karl Pearson’s Biometric Laboratory at University College London. Gosset's identity was then known to fellow statisticians and to editor-in-chief Karl Pearson. It is not clear how much of the work Gosset performed while he was at Guinness and how much was done when he was on study leave at University College London.
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