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The family Stylidiaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It consists of five genera with over 240 species, most of which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Members of Stylidiaceae are typically grass-like herbs or small shrubs and can be perennials or annuals. Most species are free standing or self-supporting, though a few can be climbing or scrambling (''Stylidium scandens'' uses leaf tips recurved into hooks to climb). The pollination mechanisms of ''Stylidium'' and ''Levenhookia'' are unique and highly specialized. In ''Stylidium'' the floral column that consists of the fused stamen and style springs violently from one side (usually under the flower) when triggered, which deposits the pollen on a visiting insect. In ''Levenhookia'', however, the column is immobile, but the hooded labellum is triggered and sheds pollen. In 1981, only about 155 species were known in the family. The current number of species by genus (reported in 2002) is as follows: ''Forstera'' - 5, ''Levenhookia'' - 10, ''Oreostylidium'' - 1, ''Phyllachne'' - 4, and ''Stylidium'' - 221. These numbers, especially for ''Stylidium'', are changing rapidly as new species are described.〔Wagstaff, S.J. and Wege, J. (2002). Patterns of diversification in New Zealand Stylidiaceae. ''American Journal of Botany'', 89(5): 865-874. (Available online: (HTML ) or (PDF ) versions).〕 == Taxonomy == The genus ''Donatia'' is sometimes included in Stylidiaceae in the monogeneric subfamily Donatioideae. The APG II system recommends its inclusion in Stylidiaceae but allows for the optional recognition of the family Donatiaceae.〔(Stylidiaceae ) (at the (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website ))〕 Molecular and phylogenetic analysis have determined that ''Donatia'' is a sister-group to Stylidiaceae and therefore placing ''Donatia'' in its own family has been recommended by several authorities. Including ''Donatia'' within the Stylidiaceae would endanger its status as a monophyletic group.〔Laurent, N., Bremer, B., and Bremer, K. (1999). Phylogeny and generic interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a possible extreme case of floral paedomorphosis. ''Systematic Botany'', 23(3): 289-304.〕 Donatioideae and Stylidioideae were described by Johannes Mildbraed in his 1908 taxonomic monograph of the family. The subfamilies were created to distinguish the difference between the five typical genera of the Stylidiaceae from the single genus ''Donatia'', which Mildbraed placed in Donatioideae.〔Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. ''In'' Engler, A. ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus'', IV. 278. Leipzig, 1908.〕 The subfamily taxonomy represents the taxonomic uncertainty of ''Donatia'', which has often been placed in its own family, Donatiaceae, or other families such as the Saxifragaceae.〔〔Good, R. (1925). On the geographical distribution of the Stylidiaceae. ''New Phytologist'', 24(4): 225-240.〕 Mildbraed's classification also included two tribes: Phyllachneae, which included the genera ''Forstera'' and ''Phyllachne'', and Stylidieae, which included ''Levenhookia'', ''Oreostylidium'', and ''Stylidium''.〔 This level of infraspecific taxonomy is not used in recent research, but the groupings are supported by molecular data that suggest ''Forstera'' and ''Phyllachne'' are closely related but distinct from the other three.〔 APG II places Stylidiaceae and Donatiaceae in the Asterales. The Cronquist system placed both families in the Campanulales. The Takhtajan and Reveal systems place both families in the order Stylidiales. The Dahlgren system uses the same Stylidiales order, but it omits Donatiaceae. The Thorne system shifts Stylidiaceae into the Saxifragales order. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stylidiaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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