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Ankylopollexia is a clade of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous in all continents. Some members include ''Camptosaurus'', ''Iguanodon'', ''Ouranosaurus'', and the hadrosaurids or "duck-billed dinosaurs". The Ankylopollexia was named by Paul Sereno in 1986 to denote the group within the Iguanodontia that includes the Camptosauridae and the Styracosterna. The name means "stiff thumbs", referring to a possible synapomorphy, possessing a conical thumb spine. Ankylopollexians were generally large animals, and some (such as ''Shantungosaurus'', which measured up to 50 ft (15 m) in length and weighed up to 8 tons) equaled the largest carnivorous dinosaurs in size. ==Phylogeny== The first definition of Ankylopollexia was given by Sereno in 1998. It was defined as the node-based taxon consisting of the last common ancestor of ''Camptosaurus'', ''Parasaurolophus'' and all his descendants. Sereno (2005) improved this definition, using the type species, ''Camptosaurus dispar'' (Marsh 1879) and ''Parasaurolophus walkeri'' (Parks 1922), instead of the genera. Many ankylopollexians have not yet been included in a large phylogenetic analyses, or are too fragmentary to place confidently. These include ''Bihariosaurus'', ''Delapparentia'', ''Draconyx'', ''Hypselospinus'', ''Lurdusaurus'', ''Osmakasaurus'', ''Owenodon'', ''Planicoxa'', ''Proplanicoxa'' and ''Sellacoxa''.〔 The simplified cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald and colleagues, published in November 2010 with information from McDonald, 2011. }} }} }} }} }} }} }} The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012. }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ankylopollexia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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