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Sub-Coelum
''Sub-Coelum: A Sky-Built Human World'' is an 1893 utopian fiction written by Addison Peale Russell.〔A. P. Russell, ''Sub-Coelum: A Sky-Built Human World'', Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1893.〕 The book is one volume in the large body of utopian, dystopian, and speculative literature that characterized the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.〔Kenneth Roemer, ''The Obsolete Necessity, 1888–1900'', Kent, OH, Kent State University Press, 1976.〕〔Francine Cary, ''Shaping the Future in the Gilded Age: A Study of Utopian Thought, 1888–1900'', Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.〕 ==Genre== Scholar of the genre Jean Pfaelzer has described ''Sub-Coelum'' as a "conservative utopia," a book written in reaction to the multiple radical implications of the utopian fiction of Edward Bellamy and similar writers. While some skeptics of utopianism responded with dystopian satires and parodies, others, like Russell, answered with speculative fictions of their own that defended more conservative values. (Pfaelzer places John Macnie's ''The Diothas'' and John Jacob Astor IV's ''A Journey in Other Worlds'' in the same category.)〔Jean Pfaelzer, ''The Utopian Novel in America, 1886–1896: The Politics of Form'', Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984; pp. 172-3; see also pp. 95-111.〕 ''Sub-Coelum'' has been called "a protest against the materialistic and socialistic tendencies of the times."〔"D. O.," "In Memoriam," ''The Bookman'', Vol. 37 (1913), p. 545.〕
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