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The land of Subartu (Akkadian ''Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri'', Assyrian ''mât Šubarri'') or Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur) is mentioned in Bronze Age literature. The name also appears as ''Subari'' in the Amarna letters, and, in the form ''Šbr'', in Ugarit. Subartu was apparently a polity in Northern Mesopotamia, at the upper Tigris. Most scholars suggest that ''Subartu'' is an early name for Assyria proper on the Tigris and westward, although there are various other theories placing it sometimes a little farther to the east and/or north. Its precise location has not been identified. From the point of view of the Akkadian Empire, Subartu marked the northern geographical horizon, just as Martu, Elam and Sumer marked "west", "east" and "south", respectively. == History == The Sumerian mythological epic ''Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta'' lists the countries where the "languages are confused" as Subartu, Hamazi, Sumer, Uri-ki (Akkad), and the Martu land (the Amorites). Similarly, the earliest references to the "four quarters" by the kings of Akkad name Subartu as one of these quarters around Akkad, along with Martu, Elam, and Sumer. Subartu in the earliest texts seem to have been farming mountain dwellers, frequently raided for slaves. Eannatum of Lagash was said to have smitten Subartu or Shubur, and it was listed as a province of the empire of Lugal-Anne-Mundu; in a later era Sargon of Akkad campaigned against Subar, and his grandson Naram-Sin listed Subar along with Armani, which has been identified with Aleppo,〔(Wayne Horowitz, ''Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography'', Eisenbrauns 1998, ISBN 0-931464-99-4 )〕 among the lands under his control. Ishbi-Erra of Isin and Hammurabi also claimed victories over Subar. Three of the 14th century BC Amarna letters, Akkadian cuneiform correspondence found in Egypt, mention ''Subari'' as a toponym. All are addressed to Akhenaten; in two (EA 108 and 109), Rib-Hadda, king of Byblos, complains that Abdi-Ashirta, ruler of Amurru, had sold captives to Subari, while another (EA 100), from the city of Irqata, also alludes to having transferred captured goods to Subari. There is also a mention of "Subartu" in the 8th century BC ''Poem of Erra'' (IV, 132), along with other lands that have harassed Babylonia.〔BOTTERO Jean, KRAMER Samuel Noah, ''Lorsque les dieux faisaient l'homme'', Gallimard, Paris, 1989, p.704.〕 In Neo-Babylonian times (under Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar II and Nabonidus). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Subartu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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