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Subpoena
A subpoena (also subpœna) is a writ issued by a government agency, most often a court, to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure. There are two common types of subpoena:
# ''subpoena ad testificandum'' orders a person to testify before the ordering authority or face punishment. The subpoena can also request the testimony to be given by phone or in person.
# ''subpoena duces tecum'' orders a person or organization to bring physical evidence before the ordering authority or face punishment. This is often used for requests to mail copies of documents to the requesting party or directly to court.
==Etymology==
The term ''subpoena'' is from the Middle English ''suppena'' and the Latin phrase ''sub poena'' meaning "under penalty".〔Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, p. 1160 (8th ed. 1976).〕 It is also spelled "subpena".〔See, e.g., ; ; ; and .〕 The subpoena has its source in English common law and it is now used almost with universal application throughout the English common law world. John Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury, is said to have created the writ of subpoena in the reign of Richard II.〔(LectLaw.com ), url retrieved 2008-06-26.〕 However, for civil proceedings in England and Wales, it is now described as a witness summons, as part of reforms to replace Latin terms with English terms which are easier to understand.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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