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Suffragettes were members of women's organisations in the late 19th and early 20th century which advocated the extension of the franchise to women. It particularly refers to militants in Great Britain such as members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).〔"Suffragette", in ''Oxford English Dictionary''.〕〔Ray Strachey, ''The Clause: A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain'' (1928) p 302〕 Suffragist is a more general term for members of the suffrage movement. The term "suffragette" is particularly associated with activists in the British WSPU, led by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, who were influenced by Russian methods of protest such as hunger strikes. Other tac who owned property to vote in Parliamentary (Tynwald) elections in 1881, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant all women the right to vote in 1893 when all women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in parliamentary elections.〔Ida Husted Harper. ''(History of Woman Suffrage, volume 6 )'' (National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1922) p. 752.〕 Women in South Australia achieved the same right and also became the first to obtain the right to stand for Parliament in 1895.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Foundingdocs.gov.au )〕 In the United States, white women over the age of 21 were allowed to vote in the western territories of Wyoming from 1869 and in Utah from 1870, and in most states outside the South by 1919. With the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment the suffrage was extended to white women across the United States in time for the 1920 presidential election. Women over 21 were allowed to vote in Canada (except Quebec) from 1919. Women and men in Britain over the age of 30, meeting certain property qualifications, were given the right to vote in 1918, and in 1928 suffrage was extended to all women over the age of 21.〔.〕 ==Origins== British suffragettes were mostly women from upper and middle-class backgrounds, frustrated by their social and economic situation. Their struggles for change within society, along with the work of such advocates for women's rights as John Stuart Mill, were enough to spearhead a movement that would encompass mass groups of women fighting for suffrage. Mill had first introduced the idea of women's suffrage on the platform he presented to the British electorate in 1865.〔.〕 He would later be joined by numerous men and women fighting for the same cause. The term "suffragette" was first used as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London ''Daily Mail'' for activists in the movement for women's suffrage, in particular members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).〔.〕 But the objects of the intended ridicule gladly embraced the term saying "suffraGETtes" (hardening the ''g'') implied not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to ''get'' it as well.〔Colmore, Gertrude. ''Suffragette Sally''. Broadview Press, 2007, p. 14〕 The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, which was founded in 1897, was formed of a collection of local suffrage societies. This union was led by Millicent Fawcett, who believed in constitutional campaigning, like issuing leaflets, organising meetings and presenting petitions. However this campaigning did not have much effect. In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organisation, the Women's Social and Political Union. Pankhurst thought that the movement would have to become radical and militant if it was going to be effective. The ''Daily Mail'' later gave them the name "Suffragettes".〔Ben Walsh. ''GCSE Modern World History'' second edition (Hodder Murray, 2008) p. 60.〕 Some of the techniques, especially hunger strikes, were learned from Russian exiles from tsarism who had escaped to England.〔.〕 Many suffragists at the time, and most historians since, have argued that the militant suffragettes' actions actually damaged their cause. Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional and could not think as logically as men.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Did the Suffragettes Help? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Suffragettes: Deeds not words )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Suffragette」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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