|
Suharto (Javanese: ;〔Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa, Sudaryanto/Pranowo, 2001, #1359〕 Gêdrìk: ''Suhartå''; O-Javanese: ''Suharta''; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was the second President of Indonesia, holding the office for 31 years from the ousting of Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998. Suharto was born in a small village, Kemusuk, in the Godean area near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era.〔Soeharto, as related to G. Dwipayana and Ramadhan K.H. (1989), ''Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiographi'' (Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography), PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada, Jakarta. ISBN 979-8085-01-9.〕 He grew up in humble circumstances.〔See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Soeharto, op. cit.〕 His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he was passed between foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesian security forces. Indonesia's independence struggle saw him joining the newly formed Indonesian army. Suharto rose to the rank of Major General following Indonesian independence. An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by Suharto-led troops and was blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party.〔Friend (2003), pages 107–109; ; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290〕 The army subsequently led an anti-communist purge which the CIA described as "one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century"〔David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (2007). ''(The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). )'' Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9004156917 pp. (80–81 ).〕 and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and President the following year. Support for Suharto's presidency was strong throughout the 1970s and 1980s but eroded following a severe financial crisis that led to widespread unrest and his resignation in May 1998. Suharto died in 2008. The legacy of Suharto's 31-year rule is debated both in Indonesia and abroad. Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralised and military-dominated government. An ability to maintain stability over a sprawling and diverse Indonesia and an avowedly anti-Communist stance won him the economic and diplomatic support of the West during the Cold War. For most of his presidency, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialisation,〔 〕 dramatically improving health, education and living standards.〔 〕 Indonesia's invasion and occupation of East Timor during Suharto's presidency resulted in at least 100,000 deaths.〔Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor 〕 By the 1990s, the New Order's authoritarianism and widespread corruption〔estimates of government funds misappropriated by the Suharto family range from US$1.5 billion and US,5 billion.(); Haskin, Colin, ("Suharto dead at 86" ), ''The Globe and Mail'', 27 January 2008〕 were a source of discontent. According to Transparency International, Suharto is the most corrupted leader in modern history, having embezzled an alleged $15–35 billion during his rule. In the years after his presidency, attempts to try him on charges of corruption and genocide failed because of his poor health and because of lack of support within Indonesia. ==Early life== (詳細はDutch East Indies era, in a plaited bamboo walled house in the hamlet of Kemusuk, a part of the larger village of Godean. The village is west of Yogyakarta, the cultural heartland of the Javanese.〔〔Tom Lansford. ''(Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy since the Cold War )''. Scarecrow Press; 10 September 2007. ISBN 978-0-8108-6432-0. p. 260.〕 Born to ethnic Javanese parents, he was the only child of his father's second marriage. His father, Kertosudiro, had two children from his previous marriage, and was a village irrigation official. His mother, Sukirah, a local woman, was distantly related to Sultan Hamengkubuwono V by his first concubine.〔''Tempo'' (Jakarta), 11 November 1974.〕 Five weeks after Suharto's birth, his mother suffered a nervous breakdown and he was placed in the care of his paternal great-aunt, Kromodirjo.〔McDonald (1980), p. 10.〕 Kertosudiro and Sukirah divorced early in Suharto's life and both later remarried. At the age of three, Suharto was returned to his mother, who had married a local farmer whom Suharto helped in the rice paddies.〔 In 1929, Suharto's father took him to live with his sister, who was married to an agricultural supervisor, Prawirowihardjo, in the town of Wuryantoro in a poor and low-yielding farming area near Wonogiri. Over the following two years, he was taken back to his mother in Kemusuk by his stepfather and then back again to Wuryantoro by his father.〔McDonald (1980), p. 11.〕 Prawirowihardjo took to raising the boy as his own, which provided Suharto a father-figure and a stable home in Wuryantoro. In 1931, he moved to the town of Wonogiri to attend the primary school (''schakelschool''), living first with Prawirohardjo's son Sulardi, and later with his father's relative Hardjowijono. While living with Hardjowijono, Suharto became acquinted with Darjatmo, a ''dukun'' ("guru") of Javanese mystical arts and faith healing. The experience deeply affected him and later, as president, Suharto surrounded himself with powerful symbolic language.〔 Difficulties in paying the fees for his education in Wonogiri resulted in another move back to his father in Kemusuk, where he continued studying at a lower-fee Muhammadiyah middle school in the city of Yogyakarta until 1939.〔 Like many Javanese, Suharto had only one name.〔Haskin, Colin, ("Suharto dead at 86" ), ''The Globe and Mail'', 27 January 2008〕 In religious contexts in recent years he has sometimes been called "Haji" or "el-Haj Mohammed Suharto" but these names were not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" reflects modern Indonesian spelling, although the general approach in Indonesia is to rely on the spelling preferred by the person concerned. At the time of his birth, the standard transcription was "Soeharto" and he preferred the original spelling. The international English-language press generally uses the spelling 'Suharto' while the Indonesian government and media use 'Soeharto'. Suharto's upbringing contrasts with that of leading Indonesian nationalists such as Sukarno in that he is believed to have had little interest in anti-colonialism, or political concerns beyond his immediate surroundings. Unlike Sukarno and his circle, Suharto had little or no contact with European colonizers. Consequently, he did not learn to speak Dutch or other European languages in his youth. He learned to speak Dutch after his induction into the Dutch military in 1940.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Suharto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|