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Researchers have found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQQ) youth is comparatively higher than among the general population.〔J Homosex. 2011 January; 58(1): 10–51. Published online 2011 January 4. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.534038; PMCID: PMC3662085; NIHMSID: NIHMS312131; Ann P. Haas, Mickey Eliason, Vickie M. Mays, Robin M. Mathy, Susan D. Cochran, Anthony R. D'Augelli, Morton M. Silverman, Prudence W. Fisher, Tonda Hughes, Margaret Rosario, Stephen T. Russell, Effie Malley, Jerry Reed, David A. Litts, Ellen Haller, Randall L. Sell, Gary Remafedi, Judith Bradford, Annette L. Beautrais, Gregory K. Brown, Gary M. Diamond, Mark S. Friedman, Robert Garofalo, Mason S. Turner, Amber Hollibaugh, and Paula J. Clayton〕〔Risk Factors for Suicide among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths, Curtis D. Proctor and Victor K. Groze, Social Work (1994) 39 (5): 504-513. doi: 10.1093/sw/39.5.504〕〔Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth Gary Remafedi, James A. Farrow, Robert W. Deisher, PEDIATRICS - American Academy of Pediatrics, Vol. 87 No. 6 June 1, 1991 pp. 869 -875〕〔Stephen T. Russell and Kara Joyner. Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Evidence From a National Study. American Journal of Public Health: August 2001, Vol. 91, No. 8, pp. 1276-1281. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1276〕〔Gay and Lesbian Youth, Tracie L. Hammelman, Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy Vol. 2, Iss. 1, 1993, DOI:10.1300/J236v02n01_06, pages 77-89〕〔Johnson, R. B., Oxendine, S., Taub, D. J. and Robertson, J. (2013), Suicide Prevention for LGBT Students . New Directions for Student Services, 2013: 55–69. doi: 10.1002/ss.20040〕 LGBT teens and young adults have one of the highest rates of suicide attempts.〔Study: Tolerance Can Lower Gay Kids' Suicide Risk, Joseph Shapiro, ''All Things Considered'', National Public Radio, December 29, 2008. ()〕〔Elevated rates of suicidal behavior in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Bagley, Christopher; Tremblay, Pierre, Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, Vol 21(3), 2000, 111-117. doi: 10.1027//0227-5910.21.3.111〕 According to some groups, this is linked to heterocentric cultures and institutionalised homophobia in some cases, including the use of rights and protections for LGBT people as a political wedge issue like in the contemporary efforts to halt legalising same-sex marriages.〔National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention Tackles LGBT Suicide, April 26, 2012, Kellan Baker and Josh Garcia. ()〕〔Addressing the Needs of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults, Posted: 2/18/2011 Volume 19 - Number 2 - February 2011, Mark J. Simone, MD, and Jonathan S. Appelbaum, MD, Clinical Geriatrics 2011;19(2):38-45.〕〔(Research exposes negative effects of anti-gay legislation - The Michigan Daily )〕 Depression and drug use among LGBT people have both been shown to increase significantly after new laws that discriminate against gay people are passed. Research on completed suicides in sexual minorities is preliminary. Members of the LGBT community have higher rates of all-cause mortality, and those living in areas with a higher degree of social stigma towards homosexuality tend to complete suicide at a younger age. Bullying of LGBT youth has been shown to be a contributing factor in many suicides, even if not all of the attacks have been specifically addressing sexuality or gender.〔Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide. Savin-Williams, Ritch C. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 62(2), Apr 1994, 261-269. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.261〕 Since a series of suicides in the early 2000s, more attention has been focused on the issues and underlying causes in an effort to reduce suicides among LGBTQ youth. The Family Acceptance Project's research has demonstrated that "parental acceptance, and even neutrality, with regard to a child's sexual orientation" can bring down the attempted suicide rate.〔 Suicidal ideation and attempts seem to be roughly the same for heterosexual youth as for youth counterparts who have same-sex attractions and behavior but do not identify as being LGBTQ.〔Zhao Y., Montoro R., Igartua K., Thombs B. D. Suicidal ideation and attempt among adolescents reporting “unsure” sexual identity or heterosexual identity plus same-sex attraction or behavior: Forgotten groups?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2010;49(2):104–113.〕 This correlates with the findings of a large survey of US adults that found higher rates of "mood and anxiety disorders, key risk factors for suicidal behavior," are linked to people who identify as gay, lesbian, and bisexual, rather than sexual behaviors, especially for men.〔Bostwick W. B., Boyd C. J., Hughes T. L., McCabe S. E. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States.American Journal of Public Health.2010;100(3):468–475.〕 The National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention notes there are no national data (for the U.S.) regarding suicidal ideation or suicide rates among the LGBT population as a whole or in part, for LGBT youth or LGBT seniors, for example.〔National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention Tackles LGBT Suicide, April 26, 2012, Kellan Baker and Josh Garcia. (National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention )〕 In part because there is no agreed percentage of the national population that is LGBTQ, or even identifies as LGBTQ, also death certificates do not include sexuality information.〔 A 1986 study noted that previous large scale studies of completed suicides did not "consider sexual orientation in their data analyses."〔Rich, C. L., Fowler, R. C., Young, D. and Blenkush, M. (1986), San Diego Suicide Study: Comparison of Gay to Straight Males. Suicide and Life-Threat Behavi, 16: 448–457. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1986.tb00730.x〕 ==Reports and studies== Clinical social worker Caitlin Ryan's Family Acceptance Project (San Francisco State University) conducted the first study of the effect of family acceptance and rejection on the health, mental health and well-being of LGBT youth, including suicide, HIV/AIDS and homelessness.〔Helping LGBT youth, others learn to cope, April 27, 2012, ''Visalia Times-Delta''. ()〕 Their research shows that LGBT youths "who experience high levels of rejection from their families during adolescence (when compared with those young people who experienced little or no rejection from parents and caregivers) were more than eight times likely to have attempted suicide, more than six times likely to report high levels of depression, more than three times likely to use illegal drugs and more than three times likely to be at high risk for HIV or other STDs" by the time they reach their early 20s.〔 Numerous studies have shown that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth have a higher rate of suicide attempts than do heterosexual youth. The Suicide Prevention Resource Center synthesized these studies and estimated that between 30 and 40% of LGBT youth, depending on age and sex groups, have attempted suicide.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Preventing Suicide among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Questioning Youth and Young Adults )〕 A U.S. government study, titled ''Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide'', published in 1989, found that LGBT youth are four times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide )〕 This higher prevalence of suicidal ideation and overall mental health problems among gay teenagers compared to their heterosexual peers has been attributed to minority stress. "More than 34,000 people die by suicide each year," making it "the third leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth attempting suicide up to four times more than their heterosexual peers."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Additional Facts about Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth )〕 It is impossible to know the exact suicide rate of LGBT youth because sexuality and gender minorities are often hidden and even unknown, particularly in this age group. Further research is currently being done to explain the prevalence of suicide among LGBT youths.〔("Sexual Orientation and Youth Suicide" ) by Dr. Gary Remafedi, October 6, 1999, retrieved 2 May 2006.〕〔("Youth suicide risk and sexual orientation - Statistical Data Included" ) by Rutter, Philip A & Soucar, Emil, Summer 2002, retrieved 2 May 2006.〕〔(Articles Relating to Suicide by GLB Youth ), retrieved 3 May 2006.〕 In terms of school climate, "approximately 25 percent of lesbian, gay and bisexual students and university employees have been harassed due to their sexual orientation, as well as a third of those who identify as transgender, according to the study and reported by the Chronicle of Higher Education." Research has found the presence of gay-straight alliances (GSAs) in schools is associated with decreased suicide attempts; in a study of LGBTQ youth, ages 13–22, 16.9% of youth who attended schools with GSAs attempted suicide versus 33.1% of students who attended schools without GSAs. "LGBT students are three times as likely as non-LGBT students to say that they do not feel safe at school (22% vs. 7%) and 90% of LGBT students (vs. 62% of non-LGBT teens) have been harassed or assaulted during the past year."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Additional Facts About Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth )〕 In addition, "LGBQ students were more likely than heterosexual students to have seriously considered leaving their institution as a result of harassment and discrimination." Susan Rankin, a contributing author to the report in Miami, found that “Unequivocally, The 2010 State of Higher Education for LGBT People demonstrates that LGBTQ students, faculty and staff experience a ‘chilly’ campus climate of harassment and far less than welcoming campus communities."〔 The internet is also an important factor for LGBTQ. An international study found that suicidal LGBTQ showed important differences with suicidal heterosexuals, in a matched-pairs study.〔Harris, K. M. (2013). Sexuality and suicidality: Matched-pairs analyses reveal unique characteristics in non-heterosexual suicidal behaviors. Archives of sexual behavior, 42(5), 729-737. doi: 10.1007/s10508-013-0112-2〕 That study found suicidal LGBTQ were more likely to communicate suicidal intentions, more likely to search for new friends online, and found more support online than did suicidal heterosexuals. According to a study in Taiwan, 1 in 5 or 20% of Taiwanese gay people have attempted suicide. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Suicide among LGBT youth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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