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In phonetics, sulcalization is the pronunciation of a sound, typically a sibilant consonant such as English and , with a deep ''groove'' running along the back of the tongue that focuses the airstream on the teeth, producing a more intense sound. This is accomplished by raising the sides of the back of the tongue ("lateral contraction") and leaving a hollow along the mid-line. It is not clear if all sibilants are grooved in this manner; Catford (1977) observed that the degree of sulcalization differs between places of articulation as well as between languages, but no language is known to contrast a grooved and non-grooved sibilant. English , which allows various tongue positions without apparent distinction, may also receive its characteristic quality from being sulcal. In phonology and historical linguistics, ''sulcalization'' is the development of such a groove in a non-sulcal consonant. For example, close vowels trigger this effect in Japanese, where historical *tu and *ti have become and , respectively, as well as in languages such as Senoufo. (The palatalization of *tsi to in Japanese is a different process, and does not occur in Senoufo.) Vowels may also be sulcalized, which has been described as giving them a "throaty" sound (Jones 1967:82). The vowel of Received Pronunciation, which is normally described as a rounded, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips; for these speakers, the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality (Lass 1984:124). One scholar has also suggested that the vowel in the RP pronunciation of words like ''bird'', typically transcribed , is actually a sulcal schwa, retaining the sulcality of the original rhotic consonant; accordingly, he interprets the realization of in other contexts such as ''beard'' and ''scarce'' as the product of a loss of sulcality (Erickson 2003:197). ==References== *J.C. Catford, 1977. ''Fundamental Problems in Phonetics''. Indiana University Press. *Daniel Jones, 1967. ''The phoneme: its nature and use.'' Heffer. *Blaine Erickson, 2003. "On the development of English r", in Minkova & Stockwell, eds, ''Studies in the History of the English Language: A Millennial Perspective''. Walter de Gruyter. *Roger Lass, 1984. ''Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts''. CUP. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sulcalization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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