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Sultan (; (アラビア語:سلطان) ', ) is a noble title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), albeit without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The dynasty and lands ruled by a sultan are referred to as a sultanate ( '). A feminine form of ''sultan'', used by Westerners, is ''sultana'' or ''sultanah''; however, this styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German field marshal might be styled ''Frau Feldmarschall'' (in French, similar constructions of the type ''madame la maréchale'' are quite common). The rare female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" and sultan's chief wife in many sultanate in Indonesia and Malaysia is known as "permaisuri". Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law, the term is gradually being replaced by king (i.e. ''malik'' in Arabic) and ''Datu'' in Maranao. ==Compound ruler titles== These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.: *''Mani Sultan'' = ''Manney Sultan'' (meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") - a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the Maharaja of Travancore * ''Sultan of Sultans'' - the sultanic equivalent of the style King of Kings * Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g., Sultan ul-Mujahidin as champion of jihad (to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah). * ''Sultanic Highness'' - a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt (a British protectorate since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of Prince ('; (トルコ語:Prens)) or Princess, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's independence in 1922, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (', considered a promotion) were granted the title ''Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki'', or Royal Highness. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sultan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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