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Suparnostic
suPARnostic is a simplified double monoclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures the amount of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in blood. Elevated plasma suPAR levels have been observed in various infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.〔suPAR: the molecular crystal ball. Thunø M, Macho B, Eugen-Olsen J. Dis Markers. 2009;27(3):157-72.〕 suPAR concentration positively correlates to the activation level of the immune system. suPARnostic can be used as a prognostic tool to determine the severity of a disease within a patient, but is not used as a reliable diagnostic tool, as it can detect the severity of the immune response in a patient, but does not reveal the specific disease from which the patient may be suffering. Recently, increase suPAR levels were shown to be associated with increased risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, infectious diseases, HIV, cancer〔Rigolin, Gian Matteo et al. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) as an independent factor predicting worse prognosis and extra-bone marrow involvement in multiple myeloma patients. British Journal of Haematology. 120(60): 953-959. 18 March 2003.〕 tuberculosis,〔 malaria,〔Ostrowski Sr, Ullum H, Goka BQ, Høyer-Hansen G, Obeng-Adjei G, Pedersen BK, Akanmori BD, Kurtzhals JA. 2005. Plasma concentrations of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor are increased in patients with malaria and are associated with a poor clinical or a fatal outcome. J Infec Dis. 191(8):1331-41.〕 bacterial and viral CNS infections,〔Soluble urokinase receptor (uPAR, CD 87) is present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurologic diseases. Garcia-Monco JC, Coleman JL, Benach JL. 2002. Soluble urokinase receptor (uPAR, CD 87) is present in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurologic diseases. J Neuroimmunol. 129(1-2):216-23.〕 rheumatoid arthritis,〔Pliyev BK, Menshikov MY. 2010. Release of the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) by activated neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation. 33(1):1-9.〕 multiple sclerosis〔 and mortality in the general population.
==Performing the suPARnostic ELISA==
Performing the suPARnostic ELISA requires two antibodies with high specificity for suPAR. The blood plasma sample from the patient that contains an unknown amount of suPAR is immobilized on the microwells on the clear microtiter plate and a detection antibody forms a complex with suPAR.
Between each step the plate is rinsed with a wash buffer to dispose of any proteins that do not specifically bind to any of the wells on the plate. After the final wash step, the plate is developed by adding the TMB substrate to produce a visible signal, which indicates the quantity of suPAR in the sample. The measured absorbance can, based on the values from the standard curve, be converted to the concentration (ng/mL) of suPAR in the sample. This level can then suggest whether or not the patient is experiencing challenges to their immune system.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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