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Surah
A Surah (;〔("Sura" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 also spelled Surat, Sura; (アラビア語:سورة) ', plural ''suwar'') is a chapter of the Quran. There are 114 chapters of the Quran, each divided into verses. The chapters or suras are of unequal length, the shortest chapter (''Al-Kawthar'') has only three ''ayat'' (verses) while the longest (''Al-Baqara'') contains 286 verses. Of the 114 chapters in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan, while 28 are Medinan. This classification is only approximate in regard to location of revelation; any chapter revealed after migration of Muhammad to Medina (''Hijrah'') is termed Medinan and any revealed before that event is termed as Meccan. The Meccan chapters generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan chapters are more concerned with organizing the social life of the (then) nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the goal of Dar al-Islam by showing strength. Except sura ''At-Tawba'', all chapters or suras commence with 'In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate'. This formula is known as the basmala and denotes the boundaries between chapters. The chapters are arranged roughly in order of descending size therefore the arrangement of the Quran is neither chronological nor thematic. Suras (chapters) are recited during the standing portions (''Qiyam'') of Muslim prayers. Sura ''Al-Fatiha'', the first chapter of the Quran, is recited in every unit of prayer and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other sura.
==Etymology==
The word ''sura'' was used at the time of Muhammad as a term with the meaning of a ''chapter'' or a ''portion'' of the Qur'an. This is evidenced by the appearance of the word ''sura'' in multiple locations in the Qur'an such as verse 24:1:"A ''sura'' that We have sent down and appointed, and We have sent down in it signs, clear signs, that haply you will remember."〔Quran verse:(24:1 ), see also verses 2:23, 9:64,86,124,127, 10:38, and 47:20〕 Its plural form ''suwar'' is also mentioned in the Qur'an: "Or do they say, He invented it? Say, "Then bring ten ''suwar'' like it and call upon whomever you can besides God, if you are truthful."〔Qur'an verse (11:13 )〕 Nöldeke following Buxtorf suggested that the word sura has similar root with the Hebrew word 'שורה' meaning a 'row'. Some took it as connected with the Arabic word 'Sur' meaning a 'wall'. Jeffery believes that it has a common origin with a Syriac word that means 'writing'.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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